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art toggle in art subsection 3 1 calligraphy 3 2 graphic novels and comics 4 modern usage toggle modern usage subsection 4 1 japanese and traditional chinese 4 2 simplified chinese 4 3 korean 5 in computing toggle in computing subsection 5 1 internet 6 see also 7 notes 8 references 9 further reading 10 external links toggle the table of contents horizontal and vertical writing in east asian scripts 12 languages français bahasa indonesia 日本語 한국어 bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål русский simple english 文言 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from vertical writing writing conventions of eastern asian countries this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources horizontal and vertical writing in east asian scripts news newspapers books scholar jstor july 2011 learn how and when to remove this message an excerpt from the cold food observance 寒食帖 by song dynasty scholar su shi 1037 1101 the calligraphy is read in columns from top to bottom from right to left horizontal writing chinese name traditional chinese 橫排 simplified chinese 横排 transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin héngpái wade giles hêng2 pʻai2 hakka pha̍k fa sṳ vàng phài yue cantonese jyutping waang4 paai4 southern min hokkien poj hêng pâi vietnamese name vietnamese alphabet viết ngang hán nôm 曰昂 korean name hangul 횡서 가로쓰기 hanja 橫書 transcriptions revised romanization hoengseo garosseugi mongolian name mongolian cyrillic босоо бичиг mongolian script ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠭ ᠠ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ transcriptions sasm gnc bosug a bicig japanese name kanji 横書き 横組み hiragana よこがき よこぐみ transcriptions romanization yokogaki yokogumi vertical writing chinese name traditional chinese 縱排 simplified chinese 纵排 transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin zòngpái wade giles tsung4 pʻai2 hakka pha̍k fa sṳ chiûng phài chiúng phài yue cantonese jyutping zung1 paai4 southern min hokkien poj chhiòng pâi vietnamese name vietnamese alphabet viết dọc hán nôm 曰𫆡 korean name hangul 종서 세로쓰기 hanja 縱書 transcriptions revised romanization serosseugi serossŭki japanese name hiragana たてがき たてぐみ kyūjitai 縱書き 縱組み shinjitai 縦書き 縦組み transcriptions revised hepburn tategaki tategumi many east asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically chinese characters korean hangul and japanese kana may be oriented along either axis as they consist mainly of disconnected logographic or syllabic units each occupying a square block of space thus allowing for flexibility for which direction texts can be written be it horizontally from left to right horizontally from right to left vertically from top to bottom or even vertically from bottom to top traditionally written chinese vietnamese korean and japanese are written vertically in columns going from top to bottom and ordered from right to left with each new column starting to the left of the preceding one the stroke order and stroke direction of chinese characters vietnamese chữ nôm korean hangul and kana all facilitate writing in this manner why in addition writing in vertical columns from right to left facilitated writing with a brush in the right hand while continually unrolling the sheet of paper or scroll with the left since the nineteenth century it has become increasingly common for these languages to be written horizontally from left to right with successive rows going from top to bottom under the influence of european languages such as english although vertical writing is still frequently used in hong kong japan macau and taiwan differences between horizontal and vertical writing edit chinese characters japanese kana vietnamese chữ nôm and korean hangul can be written horizontally or vertically there are some small differences in orthography in horizontal writing it is more common to use arabic numerals whereas chinese numerals are more common in vertical text in these scripts the positions of punctuation marks for example the relative position of commas and full stops periods differ between horizontal and vertical writing punctuation such as the parentheses quotation marks book title marks chinese ellipsis mark dash wavy dash japanese proper noun mark chinese wavy book title mark chinese emphasis mark and chōon mark japanese are all rotated 90 degrees when switching between horizontal and vertical text where a text is written in horizontal format pages are read in the same order as english books with the binding at the left and pages progressing to the right vertical books are printed the other way round with the binding at the right and pages progressing to the left ruby characters like furigana in japanese which provides a phonetic guide for unusual or difficult to read characters follow the direction of the main text example in japanese with furigana in green 漢 か ん 字 じ or かん じ 漢 字 bopomofo in taiwan is usually written vertically regardless of the direction of the main text text in the latin alphabet is usually written horizontally when it appears in vertical text or else it is turned sideways with the base of the characters on the left right to left horizontal writing edit historically vertical writing was the standard system and horizontal writing was only used where a sign had to fit in a constrained space such as over the gate of a temple or the signboard of a shop before the end of world war ii in japan those signs were read right to left today the left to right direction is dominant in all three languages for horizontal writing this is due partly to the influence of english and other western languages to make it easier to read when the two languages are found together for example on airport signs at a train station and partly to the increased use of computerized typesetting and word processing software most of which does not directly support right to left layout of east asian languages however right to left horizontal writing is still seen in these scripts in such places as signs on the right hand side of vehicles and on the right hand side of stands selling food at festivals it is also used to simulate archaic writing for example in reconstructions of old japan for tourists and it is still found in the captions and titles of some newspapers imperial throne inside the forbidden city in beijing the plaque at the top 正大光明 is written from right to left while the plaques on the sides use vertical writing the word kasutera カステラ written from right to left on the right hand side of a festival stall in hakone japan two examples of right to left characters on a chinese postcard from 1901 津天 and 京北 first issue of the dong a ilbo on 1 april 1920 the title 報日亞東 and 號刊創 were written from right to left tennōji station in 1938 horizontal writing from left to right is becoming popular signs for 砂川遊園 and ハイキング割引 are written horizontally from left to right however the sign for 阪和食堂 is written horizontally in the traditional right to left style other vertically written signs also stand out left to right vertical writing edit there are only two types of vertical scripts known to have been written from left to right the old uyghur script and its descendants traditional mongolian oirat clear manchu and buryat and the phags pa script the former developed because the uyghurs rotated their sogdian derived script originally written right to left 90 degrees counter clockwise to emulate chinese writing but without changing the relative orientation of the letters phags pa in turn was an adaptation of tibetan script written vertically on the model of mongolian to supplant those writing systems current in the mongol empire of these only traditional mongolian still remains in use today in inner mongolia 1 2 36 history edit chinese edit an unfolded bamboo book featuring chinese text written vertically along the strips of bamboo text on the sides of vehicles runs from the front of the vehicle to the rear i e from left to right on the vehicle s left side and from right to left on its right side notice the writing on the portside being from left to right an early printed chinese text in horizontal alignment was robert morrison s a dictionary of the chinese language published in 1815 1823 in macau the earliest widely known chinese publication using horizontal alignment was the magazine science 科學 its first issue in january 1915 explained the then unusual format 本雜誌印法 旁行上左 並用西文句讀點之 以便插寫算術及物理化學諸程式 非故好新奇 讀者諒之 this magazine is printed sideways from the top left and marked with western punctuation this is to make more convenient the insertion of mathematical physical and chemical formulae and not for novelty s sake we ask for our readers understanding in the subsequent decades the occurrence of words in a western script became more frequent and readers began to appreciate the unwieldiness of rotating the paper at each occurrence for vertically set texts this accelerated acceptance of horizontal writing with the proliferation of horizontal text both horizontal and vertical came to be used concurrently proponents of horizontal text argued that vertical text in right to left columns was smudged easily when written and moreover demanded greater movement from the eyes when read vertical text proponents considered horizontal text to be a break from established tradition after their victory in the chinese civil war the people s republic of china decided to use horizontal writing all newspapers in china changed from vertical to horizontal alignment on 1 january 1956 in publications text is run horizontally although book titles on spines and some newspaper headlines remain vertical for convenience inscriptions of signs on most state organs are still vertical in singapore vertical writing has also become rare in taiwan hong kong macau and among older overseas chinese communities horizontal writing has been gradually adopted since the 1990s by the early 2000s most newspapers in these areas had switched to left to right horizontal writing either entirely or in a combination of vertical text with horizontal left to right headings japanese edit meiji era playing card manufactury of nintendo with its sign written right to left horizontal text came into japanese in the meiji era when the japanese began to print western language dictionaries initially they printed the dictionaries in a mixture of horizontal western and vertical japanese text which meant readers had to rotate the book ninety degrees to read the western text citation needed because this was unwieldy the idea of yokogaki came to be accepted one of the first publications to partially use yokogaki was a german to japanese dictionary 袖珍挿図独和辞書 shūchinsōzu dokuwa jisho pocket illustrated german to japanese dictionary published in 1885 meiji 18 right to left on katsuura saketen 勝浦酒店 a liquor store in fujisawa photographed in 2026 a at the beginning of the change to horizontal alignment in meiji era japan there was a short lived form called migi yokogaki 右横書き literally right horizontal writing in contrast to hidari yokogaki 左横書き left horizontal writing the current standard this resembled the right to left horizontal writing style of languages such as arabic with line breaks on the left it was probably based on the traditional single row right to left writing this form was widely used for pre wwii advertisements and official documents like banknotes of the japanese yen but has not survived outside of old fashioned signboards vertical writing tategaki 縦書き is still commonly used in japan in novels newspapers and magazines including most japanese comics and graphic novels also known as manga while horizontal writing is used more often in other media especially those containing english language references in general dialogue in manga is written vertically however in scenes where a character speaks a foreign language the dialogue may be written horizontally in this case there is a mixture of vertical and horizontal writing on a single page korean edit hunmin jeongeum eonhae uses right to left vertical writing it uses hanja and small hangul for ruby lettering placed to the bottom right traditionally korean writing has been vertical with columns running right to left in 1988 the hankyoreh became the first korean newspaper to use horizontal writing the chosun ilbo was the last major newspaper to publish in vertical right to left writing it published its last issue in vertical right to left writing on 1 march 1999 four days before its 79th anniversary 3 other major newspapers had already switched to horizontal writing by 1 january 1998 dong a ilbo published its last vertical issue on 31 december 1997 4 kyunghyang shinmun on 6 april 1997 5 the day before its 50th anniversary and maeil kyungje on 14 september 1996 6 announcements about the impending change in these newspapers in the days preceding often shared a common theme of appealing to younger audiences today major korean newspapers hardly ever run text vertically vietnamese edit vietnamese is shown here written right to left top to bottom characters shown in tam thiên tự are chinese characters glossed with their equivalent chữ nôm characters alongside the vietnamese alphabet characters on a vietnamese edict written vertically traditionally vietnamese writing was vertical with columns running right to left as the language used a mixture of chinese characters and independently developed characters derived from chinese ones to write the native language in a script called chữ nôm after the 1920s when the vietnamese alphabet influenced by the portuguese alphabet started to be used nationwide to replace chữ nôm vertical writing style fell into disuse in art edit calligraphy edit see also chinese calligraphy japanese calligraphy korean calligraphy and vietnamese calligraphy in east asian calligraphy vertical writing remains the dominant direction graphic novels and comics edit japanese manga tend to use vertical direction for text manga frames tend to flow in right to left horizontal direction frames in yonkoma manga tend to flow in a vertical direction page ordering is the same as books that use vertical direction from right to left frames that are chronologically before or after each other use less spacing in between as a visual cue most text in manga is written vertically which dictates the vertical shapes of the speech bubbles some however such as levius are aimed at the international market and strive to optimize for translation and localization therefore make use of horizontal text and speech bubbles in some cases horizontal writing in text bubbles may be used to indicate that a translation convention is in use fo...