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formation to accurately reconstruct the original video there are complex relationships between the video quality the amount of data used to represent the video determined by the bit rate the complexity of the encoding and decoding algorithms sensitivity to data losses and errors ease of editing random access and end to end delay latency history edit further information video coding format history historically video was stored as an analog signal on magnetic tape around the time when the compact disc entered the market as a digital format replacement for analog audio it became feasible to also store and convey video in digital form because of the large amount of storage and bandwidth needed to record and convey raw video a method was needed to reduce the amount of data used to represent the raw video since then engineers and mathematicians have developed a number of solutions for achieving this goal that involve compressing the digital video data in 1974 discrete cosine transform dct compression was introduced by nasir ahmed t natarajan and k r rao 1 2 3 during the late 1980s a number of companies began experimenting with dct lossy compression for video coding leading to the development of the h 261 standard 4 h 261 was the first practical video coding standard 5 and was developed by a number of companies including hitachi picturetel ntt bt and toshiba among others 6 since h 261 dct compression has been adopted by all the major video coding standards that followed 4 the most popular video coding standards used for codecs have been the mpeg standards mpeg 1 was developed by the motion picture experts group mpeg in 1991 and it was designed to compress vhs quality video it was succeeded in 1994 by mpeg 2 h 262 5 which was developed by a number of companies primarily sony thomson and mitsubishi electric 7 mpeg 2 became the standard video format for dvd and sd digital television 5 in 1999 it was followed by mpeg 4 h 263 which was a major leap forward for video compression technology 5 it was developed by a number of companies primarily mitsubishi electric hitachi and panasonic 8 the most widely used video coding format as of 2016 is h 264 mpeg 4 avc it was developed in 2003 by a number of organizations primarily panasonic godo kaisha ip bridge and lg electronics 9 h 264 is the main video encoding standard for blu ray discs and is widely used by streaming internet services such as youtube netflix vimeo and itunes store web software such as adobe flash player and microsoft silverlight and various hdtv broadcasts over terrestrial and satellite television avc has been succeeded by hevc h 265 developed in 2013 it is heavily patented with the majority of patents belonging to samsung electronics ge ntt and jvc kenwood 10 11 the adoption of hevc has been hampered by its complex licensing structure hevc is in turn succeeded by versatile video coding vvc there are also the open and free vp8 vp9 and av1 video coding formats used by youtube all of which were developed with involvement from google applications edit video codecs are used in dvd players internet video video on demand digital cable digital terrestrial television videotelephony and a variety of other applications in particular they are widely used in applications that record or transmit video which may not be feasible with the high data volumes and bandwidths of uncompressed video for example they are used in operating theaters to record surgical operations in ip cameras in security systems and in remotely operated underwater vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles any video stream or file can be encoded using a wide variety of live video format options 12 video codec design edit further information video coding format video codecs seek to represent a fundamentally analog data set in a digital format because of the design of analog video signals which represent luminance luma and color information chrominance chroma separately a common first step in image compression in codec design is to represent and store the image in a ycbcr color space the conversion to ycbcr provides two benefits first it improves compressibility by providing decorrelation of the color signals and second it separates the luma signal which is perceptually much more important from the chroma signal which is less perceptually important and which can be represented at lower resolution using chroma subsampling to achieve more efficient data compression different codecs use different chroma subsampling ratios as appropriate to their compression needs video compression schemes for web and dvd make use of a 4 2 1 color sampling pattern and the dv standard uses 4 1 1 sampling ratios professional video codecs designed to function at much higher bitrates and to record a greater amount of color information for post production manipulation sample in 4 2 2 and 4 4 4 ratios examples of these codecs include panasonic s dvcpro50 and dvcprohd codecs 4 2 2 sony s hdcam sr 4 4 4 panasonic s hdd5 4 2 2 apple s prores hq 422 4 2 2 13 it is also worth noting that video codecs can operate in rgb space as well these codecs tend not to sample the red green and blue channels in different ratios since there is less perceptual motivation for doing so just the blue channel could be undersampled some amount of spatial and temporal downsampling may also be used to reduce the raw data rate before the basic encoding process the most popular encoding transform is the 8x8 dct codecs that make use of a wavelet transform are also entering the market especially in camera workflows that involve dealing with raw image formatting in motion sequences this process involves representing the video image as a set of macroblocks for more information about this critical facet of video codec design see b frames 14 the output of the transform is first quantized then entropy encoding is applied to the quantized values when a dct has been used the coefficients are typically scanned using a zig zag scan order and the entropy coding typically combines a number of consecutive zero valued quantized coefficients with the value of the next non zero quantized coefficient into a single symbol and also has special ways of indicating when all of the remaining quantized coefficient values are equal to zero the entropy coding method typically uses variable length coding tables some encoders compress the video in a multiple step process called n pass encoding e g 2 pass which performs a slower but potentially higher quality compression the decoding process consists of performing to the extent possible an inversion of each stage of the encoding process citation needed the one stage that cannot be exactly inverted is the quantization stage there a best effort approximation of inversion is performed this part of the process is often called inverse quantization or dequantization although quantization is an inherently non invertible process video codec designs are usually standardized or eventually become standardized i e specified precisely in a published document however only the decoding process need be standardized to enable interoperability the encoding process is typically not specified at all in a standard and implementers are free to design their encoder however they want as long as the video can be decoded in the specified manner for this reason the quality of the video produced by decoding the results of different encoders that use the same video codec standard can vary dramatically from one encoder implementation to another commonly used video codecs edit main article list of codecs video compression formats a variety of video compression formats can be implemented on pcs and in consumer electronics equipment it is therefore possible for multiple codecs to be available in the same product reducing the need to choose a single dominant video compression format to achieve interoperability standard video compression formats can be supported by multiple encoder and decoder implementations from multiple sources for example video encoded with a standard mpeg 4 part 2 codec such as xvid can be decoded using any other standard mpeg 4 part 2 codec such as ffmpeg mpeg 4 or divx pro codec because they all use the same video format codecs have their qualities and drawbacks comparisons are frequently published the trade off between compression power speed and fidelity including artifacts is usually considered the most important figure of technical merit codec packs edit online video material is encoded by a variety of codecs and this has led to the availability of codec packs a pre assembled set of commonly used codecs combined with an installer available as a software package for pcs such as k lite codec pack perian and combined community codec pack see also edit bit rate comparison of video codecs data compression video display resolution frame rate list of open source codecs multiplexing sampling rate subjective video quality transcoding video quality references edit ahmed nasir natarajan t rao k r january 1974 discrete cosine transform ieee transactions on computers c 23 1 90 93 doi 10 1109 t c 1974 223784 rao k r yip p 1990 discrete cosine transform algorithms advantages applications boston academic press isbn 978 0 12 580203 1 t 81 digital compression and coding of continuous tone still images requirements and guidelines pdf ccitt september 1992 retrieved 12 july 2019 1 2 ghanbari mohammed 2003 standard codecs image compression to advanced video coding institution of engineering and technology pp 1 2 isbn 9780852967102 1 2 3 4 the history of video file formats infographic realplayer 22 april 2012 itu t recommendation declared patent s itu retrieved 12 july 2019 mpeg 2 patent list pdf mpeg la archived from the original pdf on 29 may 2019 retrieved 7 july 2019 mpeg 4 visual patent list pdf mpeg la archived from the original pdf on 6 july 2019 retrieved 6 july 2019 avc h 264 patent list pdf mpeg la archived from the original pdf on 25 january 2023 retrieved 6 july 2019 hevc patent list pdf mpeg la archived from the original pdf on 10 april 2021 retrieved 6 july 2019 hevc advance patent list hevc advance archived from the original on 24 august 2020 retrieved 6 july 2019 what is the best video codec for web streaming 2021 update dacast 2021 06 18 retrieved 2022 02 11 hoffman p june 2011 requirements for internet draft tracking by the ietf community in the datatracker doi 10 17487 rfc6293 richardson iain e g 2002 video codec design doi 10 1002 0470847832 isbn 978 0 471 48553 7 page needed external links edit wyner ziv coding of video archived 2011 09 30 at the wayback machine describes another algorithm for video compression that performs close to the slepian wolf bound with links to source code amd media codecs optional download formerly called ati avivo v t e multimedia compression and container formats video compression iso iec mpeg dv mjpeg motion jpeg 2000 mpeg 1 mpeg 2 part 2 mpeg 4 part 2 asp part 10 avc part 33 ivc mpeg h part 2 hevc mpeg i part 3 vvc mpeg 5 part 1 evc part 2 lcevc itu t vceg h 120 h 261 h 262 h 263 h 264 avc h 265 hevc h 266 vvc h 267 enhanced compression model smpte vc 1 vc 2 vc 3 vc 5 vc 6 truemotion and aomedia truemotion s vp3 vp6 vp7 vp8 vp9 av1 av2 chinese standard avs1 p2 avs gb t 20090 2 16 avs2 p2 gb t 33475 2 gy t 299 1 hdr vivid gy t 358 avs3 p2 gy t 368 others apple video avs bink cinepak daala dvi ffv1 huffyuv indeo lagarith microsoft video 1 msu lossless oms video pixlet prores 422 4444 quicktime animation graphics realvideo rtvideo sheervideo smacker sorenson video spark theora thor ut wmv xeb yuls audio compression iso iec mpeg mpeg 1 layer ii multichannel mpeg 1 layer i mpeg 1 layer iii mp3 aac he aac aac ld mpeg surround mpeg 4 als mpeg 4 sls mpeg 4 dst mpeg 4 hvxc mpeg 4 celp mpeg d usac mpeg h 3d audio itu t g 711 a law µ law g 718 g 719 g 722 g 722 1 g 722 2 g 723 g 723 1 g 726 g 728 g 729 g 729 1 ietf opus ilbc speex vorbis flac 3gpp amr amr wb amr wb evrc evrc b evs gsm hr gsm fr gsm efr etsi ac 3 ac 4 dts bluetooth sig sbc lc3 chinese standard avs1 p10 gb t 20090 10 avs2 p3 gb t 33475 3 audio vivid gy t 363 dra gb t 22726 exac sj t 11299 4 others acelp alac asao atrac celt codec 2 isac lyra melp monkey s audio mt9 musepack optimfrog osq qcelp rcelp realaudio sd2 shn silk siren smv svopc tta true audio twinvq vmr wb vselp wavpack wma mqa aptx aptx hd aptx low latency aptx adaptive ldac lhdc llac truehd image compression iec iso ietf w3c itu t jpeg ccitt group 4 gif heic heif hevc jbig jbig2 jpeg jpeg 2000 jpeg ls jpeg xl jpeg xr jpeg xs jpeg xt png apng tiff tiff ep tiff it others av1 avif bpg djvu exr flif icer mng pgf qoi qtvr wbmp webp containers iso iec mpeg es mpeg pes mpeg ps mpeg ts iso iec base media file format mpeg 4 part 14 mp4 motion jpeg 2000 mpeg 21 part 9 mpeg media transport itu t h 222 0 t 802 ietf rtp ogg matroska smpte gxf mxf others 3gp and 3g2 amv asf aiff avi au bpg bink smacker bmp divx media format evo flash video heif iff m2ts matroska webm quicktime file format ratdvd realmedia riff wav mod and tod vob ifo and bup collaborations netvc mpeg la alliance for open media methods entropy arithmetic huffman modified lpc acelp celp lsp wlpc lossless lossy lz deflate lzw pcm a law µ law adpcm dpcm transforms dct fft mdct wavelet daubechies dwt lists comparison of audio coding formats comparison of video codecs list of codecs see compression methods for techniques and compression software for codecs v t e data compression methods lossless type entropy adaptive coding arithmetic asymmetric numeral systems golomb huffman adaptive canonical modified range shannon shannon fano shannon fano elias tunstall unary universal exp golomb fibonacci gamma levenshtein dictionary byte pair encoding lempel ziv 842 lz4 lzjb lzo lzrw lzss lzw lzwl snappy other bwt ctw cm delta incremental dmc dpcm grammar re pair sequitur ldct mtf paq ppm rle hybrid lz77 huffman deflate lzx lzs lz77 ans lzfse lz77 huffman ans zstandard lz77 huffman context brotli lzss huffman lha lzh lz77 range lzma lzham rle bwt mtf huffman bzip2 lossy type transform discrete cosine transform dct mdct dst fft wavelet daubechies dwt spiht predictive dpcm adpcm lpc acelp celp lar lsp wlpc motion compensation estimation vector psychoacoustic audio concepts bit rate abr cbr vbr companding convolution dynamic range latency nyquist shannon theorem sampling silence compression sound quality speech coding sub band coding codec parts a law μ law dpcm adpcm dm ft fft lpc acelp celp lar lsp wlpc mdct psychoacoustic model image concepts chroma subsampling coding tree unit color space compression artifact image resolution macroblock pixel psnr quantization standard test image texture compression methods chain code dct deflate fractal klt lp rle wavelet daubechies dwt ezw spiht video concepts bit rate abr cbr vbr display resolution frame frame rate frame types interlace video characteristics video quality codec parts dct dpcm deblocking filter lapped transform motion c...