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g mainly on bony fishes the viper dogfish captures prey by protruding its jaws and impaling them with its teeth its impressive gape allows it to swallow relatively large fish whole the skeletal and muscular structure of its head shows unique features that support this feeding mechanism which is unlike that of other dogfish sharks this shark gives birth to live young which are nourished by yolk during gestation the litter size is probably fewer than 26 pups small numbers of viper dogfish are caught incidentally in purse seines and bottom trawls taxonomy edit the first specimens of the viper dogfish were two immature males caught off southern japan by the bottom trawler seiryo maru in 1986 the first designated as the holotype measured 22 cm 8 7 in long and was collected off cape shiono at a depth of 330 m 1 080 ft the second measured 37 cm 15 in long and was collected off hiwasa tokushima at a depth of 360 m 1 180 ft the shark was described as a new species and genus by university of tokyo researchers kenji mochizuki and fumio ohe in a 1990 article for the japanese journal of ichthyology they gave it the name trigonognathus kabeyai the specific name honors hiromichi kabeya the captain of the seiryo maru 3 mochizuki and ohe originally assigned the viper dogfish to the family squalidae which at the time was used for all members of the order squaliformes aside from the bramble and rough sharks 3 in a 1992 morphological study shigeru shirai and osamu okamura placed this species in the squalid subfamily etmopterinae which most taxonomists now recognize as the separate family etmopteridae 4 5 phylogeny and evolution edit the position of trigonognathus within the etmopteridae is uncertain morphological and molecular phylogenetic data generally support the subdivision of the etmopteridae into two clades one consisting of etmopterus and miroscyllium and the other consisting of centroscyllium and aculeola phylogenetic analyses have variously placed trigonognathus as closer to one clade or the other or as basal to both depending on which morphological characters nuclear dna markers and or mitochondrial dna markers were used 5 6 7 based on molecular clock estimation trigonognathus is thought to have originated around 41 million years ago during the middle eocene as part of a larger evolutionary radiation of etmopterid genera 5 the genus is represented in this time period by the extinct species t virginiae whose fossilized teeth have been recovered from lutetian age 47 8 41 3 mya strata in landes southwestern france 8 fossil teeth virtually identical to those of the modern viper dogfish are known from the cubagua formation in northeastern venezuela which dates to the late miocene and early pliocene 11 6 3 6 mya 9 description edit the narrow jaws and needle like teeth of the viper dogfish are distinctive the viper dogfish has a slender cylindrical body and a moderately flattened head with a very short and blunt snout behind the large oval eyes are narrow elliptical spiracles the nostrils are nearly vertical slits the jaws are long and narrowly triangular and can be protruded from the head the teeth are distinctively fang like and widely spaced the most anterior teeth are grooved lengthwise six to 10 upper and seven to 10 lower tooth rows occur on each side along with a single tooth row at the upper and lower symphyses jaw midpoints the teeth are largest at the symphysis and decline in size towards the corners of the mouth when the mouth is closed the upper symphysial tooth overlaps the lower while the lateral teeth interlock five gill slits are seen with the fifth pair longer than the others 2 3 the fins are small and very thin the pectoral fins are rounded and lobe like the two dorsal fins are positioned about between the pectoral and pelvic fins each dorsal fin bears a slightly grooved spine in front the second dorsal spine is longer than the first the anal fin is absent and the caudal peduncle lacks keels or notches the upper lobe of the caudal fin is larger than the lower and has a notch in the trailing margin the skin excluding on the fins is densely covered with irregularly arranged nonoverlapping dermal denticles each denticle has a swollen rhombic shape with 10 40 facets on the crown the viper dogfish is black with distinct darker markings on the underside these markings contain large numbers of tiny light producing photophores more photophores are found sparsely scattered over the rest of the body as well as in a translucent patch on the upper eyelid the fins are translucent and the tip of the caudal fin upper lobe is blackish the largest known male is 47 cm 19 in long and weighs 0 43 kg 0 95 lb and the largest female is 54 cm 21 in long and weighs 0 76 kg 1 7 lb 2 3 distribution and habitat edit most specimens of the viper dogfish have been collected from a relatively small area of the northwestern pacific ocean off the kii peninsula in japan a number of specimens were also recovered from the stomachs of predatory fishes caught in the bonin islands 2 one specimen was caught from the hancock seamount located some 300 km 190 mi northwest of kure atoll in the northwestern hawaiian islands 10 during the day this species has been caught close to the bottom on the upper reaches of continental slopes and seamounts at depths of 270 360 m 890 1 180 ft at night it has been caught between the surface and a depth of 150 m 490 ft in water over 1 5 km 0 93 mi deep this pattern suggests the viper dogfish performs a diel vertical migration spending the day in deeper water and rising towards the surface at night such daily movement may relate to feeding 2 biology and ecology edit the bigeye tuna preys on the viper dogfish the viper dogfish feeds primarily on bony fishes notably lanternfishes in the genera benthosema and diaphus and also takes crustaceans 2 3 its long jaws and slender teeth are adapted for grasping rather than cutting in contrast to the short jaws and saw like lower teeth of other dogfish sharks that are suited for excising chunks of meat 4 prey is seized by a rapid extension of the jaws and swallowed whole the shark can consume fish close to 40 as long as itself 2 the viper dogfish is the only dogfish species that lacks a suborbital muscle which is normally responsible for pulling the jaws forward when biting jaw protrusion is instead effected by the hyomandibular bone which is articulated to the skull in a manner that allows it to swing down and forward this unique arrangement serves to increase the distance the shark can protrude its jaws as well as the size of its gape both vertically and horizontally 4 known predators of the viper dogfish include the bigeye tuna thunnus obesus and the sickle pomfret taractichthys steindachneri like other members of its family this species is viviparous giving birth to live offspring with the developing embryos sustained to term by yolk adult females have two functional ovaries and two functional uteri two of the recorded female specimens contained 25 and 26 mature ova in the related black dogfish centroscyllium fabricii the number of mature ova in a female is slightly greater than the number of resulting embryos which suggests a litter size under 26 in the viper dogfish males and females mature sexually at roughly 43 and 52 cm 17 and 20 in long respectively 2 human interactions edit the viper dogfish has no economic value it is very infrequently caught in commercial purse seines and bottom trawls targeting other species though what effect if any fishing has on its population is unknown the iucn has listed it as least concern 1 references edit 1 2 rigby c l ebert d a herman k 2020 trigonognathus kabeyai iucn red list of threatened species 2020 e t44205a80678455 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2020 3 rlts t44205a80678455 en retrieved 19 november 2021 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 yano k mochizuki k tsukada o suzuki k 2003 further description and notes of natural history of the viper dogfish trigonognathus kabeyai from the kumano nada sea and the ogasawara islands japan chondrichthyes etmopteridae ichthyological research 50 3 251 258 bibcode 2003ichtr 50 251y doi 10 1007 s10228 003 0165 7 s2cid 115185 1 2 3 4 5 mochizuki k ohe f 1990 trigonognathus kabeyai a new genus and species of the squalid sharks from japan japanese journal of ichthyology 36 4 385 390 doi 10 1007 bf02905456 s2cid 80791036 1 2 3 shirai s okamura o 1992 anatomy of trigonognathus kabeyai with comments on feeding mechanism and phylogenetic relationships elasmobranchii squalidae japanese journal of ichthyology 39 2 139 150 doi 10 1007 bf02905997 s2cid 84072512 1 2 3 straube n iglésias s p sellos d y kriwet j schliewen u k 2010 molecular phylogeny and node time estimation of bioluminescent lantern sharks elasmobranchii etmopteridae molecular phylogenetics and evolution 56 3 905 917 bibcode 2010molpe 56 905s doi 10 1016 j ympev 2010 04 042 pmid 20457263 adnet s cappetta h 2001 a palaeontological and phylogenetical analysis of squaliform sharks chondrichthyes squaliformes based on dental characters lethaia 34 3 234 248 bibcode 2001letha 34 234a doi 10 1111 j 1502 3931 2001 tb00052 x naylor g j caira j n jensen k rosana k a straube n lakner c 2012 elasmobranch phylogeny a mitochondrial estimate based on 595 species in carrier j c musick j a heithaus m r eds the biology of sharks and their relatives second ed crc press pp 31 57 isbn 978 1 4398 3924 9 cappetta h adnet s 2001 découverte du genre actuel trigonognathus squaliformes etmopteridae dans le lutétien des landes sud ouest de la france remarques sur la denture de l espèce actuelle trigonognathus kabeyai paläontologische zeitschrift 74 4 575 581 doi 10 1007 bf02988163 s2cid 127171343 aguilera o de aguilera d r 2001 an exceptional coastal upwelling fish assemblage in the caribbean neogene journal of paleontology 75 3 732 742 doi 10 1666 0022 3360 2001 075 0732 aecufa 2 0 co 2 s2cid 73533277 wetherbee b m kajiura s m 2000 occurrence of a rare squaloid shark trigonognathus kabeyai from the hawaiian islands pacific science 54 389 394 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to trigonognathus kabeyai trigonognathus kabeyai viper dogfish at fishbase species description of trigonognathus kabeyai at shark references com v t e extant dogfish shark species kingdom animalia phylum chordata subphylum vertebrata class chondrichthyes subclass elasmobranchii subdivision selachii centrophoridae gulper sharks centrophorus needle dogfish c acus dwarf gulper shark c atromarginatus gulper shark c granulosus dumb gulper shark c harrissoni blackfin gulper shark c isodon lowfin gulper shark c lusitanicus smallfin gulper shark c moluccensis taiwan gulper shark c niaukang leafscale gulper shark c squamosus mosaic gulper shark c tessellatus little gulper shark c uyato deania birdbeak dogfish d calcea rough longnose dogfish d hystricosa arrowhead dogfish d profundorum longsnout dogfish d quadrispinosum dalatiidae euprotomicroides taillight shark e zantedeschia heteroscymnoides longnose pygmy shark h marleyi mollisquama pocket shark m parini dalatias kitefin shark d licha isistius cookiecutter shark i brasiliensis south china cookiecutter shark i labialis largetooth cookiecutter shark i plutodus euprotomicrus pygmy shark e bispinatus squaliolus smalleye pygmy shark s aliae spined pygmy shark s laticaudus etmopteridae aculeola hooktooth dogfish a nigra centroscyllium highfin dogfish c excelsum black dogfish c fabricii granular dogfish c granulatum bareskin dogfish c kamoharai combtooth dogfish c nigrum ornate dogfish c ornatum whitefin dogfish c ritteri etmopterus lantern sharks new zealand lanternshark e baxteri blurred lanternshark e bigelowi shorttail lanternshark e brachyurus e bullisi e burgessi cylindrical lanternshark e carteri tailspot lanternshark e caudistigmus combtooth lanternshark e decacuspidatus pink lanternshark e dianthus e dislineatus blackmouth lanternshark e evansi pygmy lanternshark e fusus broadbanded lanternshark e gracilispinis southern lanternshark e granulosus caribbean lanternshark e hillianus smalleye lantern shark e litvinovi blackbelly lanternshark e lucifer slendertail lanternshark e molleri dwarf lanternshark e perryi african lanternshark e polli great lanternshark e princeps false lanternshark e pseudosqualiolus smooth lanternshark e pusillus dense scale lantern shark e pycnolepis west indian lanternshark e robinsi fringefin lanternshark e schultzi thorny lanternshark e sentosus velvet belly lantern shark e spinax splendid lanternshark e splendidus tasmanian lanternshark e tasmaniensis brown lanternshark e unicolor hawaiian lanternshark e villosus green lanternshark e virens miroscyllium rasptooth dogfish m sheikoi trigonognathus viper dogfish t kabeyai oxynotidae oxynotus prickly dogfish o bruniensis caribbean roughshark o caribbaeus angular roughshark o centrina japanese roughshark o japonicus sailfin roughshark o paradoxus somniosidae sleeper sharks centroscymnus portuguese dogfish c coelolepis shortnose velvet dogfish c cryptacanthus roughskin dogfish c owstoni centroselachus longnose velvet dogfish c crepidater proscymnodon largespine velvet dogfish p macracanthus plunket shark p plunketi scymnodalatias whitetail dogfish s albicauda azores dogfish s garricki sparsetooth dogfish s oligodon sherwood dogfish s sherwoodi scymnodon smallmouth velvet dogfish s obscurus knifetooth dogfish s ringens somniosus greenland shark s microcephalus pacific sleeper shark s pacificus little sleeper shark s rostratus zameus japanese velvet dogfish z ichiharai velvet dogfish z squamulosus squalidae dogfish sharks cirrhigaleus roughskin spurdog c asper southern mandarin dogfish c australis mandarin dogfish c barbifer squalus spurdogs spiny dogfish s acanthias s acutirostris eastern highfin spurdog s albifrons western highfin spurdog s altipinnis longnose spurdog s blainville s brevirostris bighead spurdog s bucephalus greeneye spurdog s chloroculus fatspine spurdog s crassispinus cuban dogfish s cubensis edmund s spurdog s edmundsi taiwan spurdog s formosus eastern longnose spurdog s grahami northern spiny dogfish s griffini indonesian shortsnout spurdog s hemipinnis japanese spurdog s japonicus s lalannei shortnose spurdog s megalops blacktailed spurdog s melanurus shortspine spurdog s mitsukurii indonesian greeneye spurdog s montalbani western longnose spurdog s nasutus bartail spurdog s notocaudatus western longnose spurdog s nasutus cyrano spurdog s rancureli kermadec spiny dogfish s raoulensis spotted spiny dogfish s suckleyi taxon identifiers trigonognathus kabeyai wikidata q1424187 wikispecies trigonognathus kabeyai adw trigonognathus col 58sjp fishbase 54015 gbif old 2421011 inaturalist 114404 irmng 10572026 itis 564477 iucn 44205 ncbi 862906 observation org 805885 obis 283050 open tree of life 956126 paleobiology database 246560 taicol t0056642 worms 283050 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title viper_dogfish oldid 1363927609 categories iucn red list least concern...