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advs, 201901850, advanced, mesostigma, viride, transcriptome, provide, insights, into, barker, carpenter, nested, independent, class, revealed, complete, nuclear, encoded, rrna, operons, 805, 22192529, protis, 004, 778, david, moreau, hervé, herron, 17603352, 1080, 07352689, 615705, 2012crvps, critical, reviews, bowles, alexander, williamson, christopher, williams, lenton, timothy, donoghue, philip, 329, 253303816, 36328872, 10871, 131900, tplants, 009, 312, trends, simpson, alastair, farmer, 451, 8060916, 16248873, 1111, 1550, 7408, 00053, 399, microbiology, higher, level, emphasis, parfrey, wegener, lahr, daniel, knoll, andrew, katz, august, 21810989, 3158185, 1073, pnas, 1110633108, 2011pnas, 10813624p, 13624, 108, national, academy, united, states, america, estimating, timing, diversification, multigene, clocks, cooper, r899, 910, 26439353, 029, 2015cbio, r899d, flora, ruhfel, brad, gitzendanner, pamela, douglas, burleigh, gordon, 2014, 24533922, 3933183, 2014bmcee, 23r, inferring, 360, www, life, umd, edu, charophycean, home, timme, june, r417, 21640897, 021, 2011cbio, r417d, 1004, 19273476, 2707909, aob, mcp044, 999, 103, annals, danyan, yang, lingxiao, shi, xuan, xiaoya, zhou, xiaofan, hedges, blair, zhong, bojian, 2021, battistuzzi, fabia, ursula, 3344, 33871608, 8321542, molbev, msab106, 3332, large, scale, phylogenomic, reveal, neoproterozoic, kim, graham, july, 2008, redfield, rosemary, jeanne, e2621, 18612431, 2440802, 1371, pone, 0002621, 2008ploso, 2621k, plos, eef2, challenges, chromalveolata, international, cytology, vol, 264, 17964920, 374263, s0074, 7696, 64001, function, vacuolar, compartment, cocquyt, ellen, zechman, frederick, sabbe, koen, 19216746, 2652445, 2009bmcee, 39c, gain, loss, elongation, factor, genes, initiative, fuertes, rabanal, maría, rebaque, diego, largo, gosens, asier, encina, antonio, mélida, hugo, 2024, 2645, jxb, erae512, 2614, oxford, university, press, experimental, comparative, composition, surfaces, microorganisms, viola, nyvall, pedersén, 1474, 1422, 11429143, 1088757, 1098, rspb, 1644, 1417, 268, royal, society, features, metabolism, seven, nine, 481, 7337818, 0303, 2647, 90050, 1981bisys, 461c, 461, bio, van, den, stuttgart, georg, thieme, verlag, 551101, introduction, phycology, einführung, die, phykologie, january, archived, 2017, original, 5762760, 1126, concepts, relations, better, represented, classifications, than, two, 1956, palo, alto, pacific, books, lower, herbert, 420, 84634277, 1086, 394568, 383, quarterly, tang, qing, 549, 32094536, 8668152, s41559, 1122, 2020natee, 543t, 543, ecology, billion, year, old, ancestrally, were, flagellates, coleochaetales, chara, klebsormidiales, 153, placing, algal, vertical, bars, beside, tree, diagram, involving, chlorokybales, mesostigmatales, palmophyllales, prasinococcales, pycnococcaceae, pyramimonadales, prasinophytes, chlorophytes, chlorodendrales, prasiola, trebouxiales, microthamniales, oocystaceae, sphaeropleales, chlamydomonadales, 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st of a network of semicrystalline cellulose microfibrils hydrogen bonded with minor amounts of hemicellulosic polysaccharides such as xyloglucan and glucuronan or with the cellulose replaced by mannans as well as sulfated pyruvylated galactans and arabinans while later diverging charophytes charophyceans coleochaetophyceans zygnematophyceans and embryophytes have a framework of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of pectins hemicelluloses arabinogalactans and extensins as well as lignin or lignin like polymers 8 in 2005 sina adl and colleagues proposed the name chloroplastida for the group in 2012 frederik leliaert and colleagues suggested a revised taxonomy of the viridiplantae in 2019 m leebens mack and colleagues proposed a phylogeny based on analysis of over a thousand plant genomes it renders the former chlorophyte algae and streptophyte algae paraphyletic as the land plants arose from within them definition edit viridiplantae lit green plants 6 is a clade of around 450 000 500 000 species of chloroplast bearing eukaryotes most of them are autotrophs that obtain their energy by photosynthesis and play important primary production roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems 9 the clade includes all green algae which are primarily aquatic many are microscopic unicellular phytoplankton it also includes the macroscopic multicellular generally complex structured land plants embryophytes i e plantae sensu strictissimo which emerged from within the freshwater green algae clade streptophyta 10 11 12 during the ordivician 13 14 in traditional taxonomy the classification of green algae typically exclude the land plants rendering them a paraphyletic group however it is cladistically accurate to regard land plants as a specialized clade of green algae that had evolved to thrive on dry land 15 thus making viridiplantae a monophyletic group since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from green algae some authors are starting to include them 15 16 17 18 19 viridiplantae species all have cells with cellulose in their cell walls and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins in some classification systems the group has been treated as a kingdom 20 under various names such as viridiplantae chlorobionta or simply the kingdom plantae sensu stricto the lattermost expanding upon the traditional grouping of land plants to include all green algae closely and distantly related to embryophyta adl et al who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005 introduced the name chloroplastida for this group reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts and they rejected the name viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants as understood traditionally 21 together with rhodophyta red algae glaucophyta grey algae and other basal groups such as the phagotrophic rhodelphidia 22 and the picoplanktonic picozoa both considered sister to red algae viridiplantae belong to the larger primary algae clade archaeplastida evolution edit taxonomy edit leliaert et al 2012 propose the following simplified taxonomy of the viridiplantae 23 viridiplantae chlorophyta core chlorophytes ulvophyceae cladophorales dasycladales bryopsidales trentepohliales ulvales ulotrichales oltmannsiellopsidales chlorophyceae oedogoniales chaetophorales chaetopeltidales chlamydomonadales sphaeropleales trebouxiophyceae chlorellales oocystaceae microthamniales trebouxiales prasiola clade chlorodendrophyceae chlorodendrales pedinophyceae 24 prasinophytes paraphyletic pyramimonadales mamiellophyceae pycnococcaceae nephroselmidophyceae prasinococcales palmophyllales streptophyta charophytes mesostigmatophyceae mesostigmatales chlorokybales klebsormidiophyceae phragmoplastophyta charophyceae coleochaetophyceae zygnematophyceae embryophyta land plants phylogeny edit in 2019 a phylogeny based on genomes and transcriptomes from 1 153 plant species was proposed 25 the placing of algal groups is supported by phylogenies based on genomes from the mesostigmatophyceae and chlorokybophyceae that have since been sequenced both the chlorophyte algae and the streptophyte algae are treated as paraphyletic vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram in this analysis 26 27 the classification of bryophyta is supported both by puttick et al 2018 28 and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced 29 30 archaeplastida rhodophyta glaucophyta viridiplantae prasinodermophyta chlorophyta mesostigmatophyceae chlorokybophyceae spirotaenia klebsormidiales chara coleochaetales zygnematophyceae embryophytes bryophytes hornworts liverworts mosses lycophytes ferns spermatophytes gymnosperms angiosperms seed plants land plants green plants chlorophyte algae streptophyte algae ancestrally the green algae were flagellates 23 references edit tang qing 24 february 2020 a one billion year old multicellular chlorophyte nature ecology and evolution 4 5 543 549 bibcode 2020natee 4 543t doi 10 1038 s41559 020 1122 9 pmc 8668152 pmid 32094536 copeland herbert f 1938 the kingdoms of organisms the quarterly review of biology 13 4 383 420 doi 10 1086 394568 s2cid 84634277 copeland h f 1956 the classification of lower organisms palo alto pacific books p 6 whittaker r h january 1969 new concepts of kingdoms or organisms evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms pdf science 163 3863 150 60 doi 10 1126 science 163 3863 150 pmid 5762760 archived from the original pdf on 2017 11 17 retrieved 2015 01 31 van den hoek c jahns h m 1978 einführung in die phykologie introduction to phycology in german stuttgart georg thieme verlag isbn 978 3 13 551101 6 1 2 cavalier smith tom 1981 eukaryote kingdoms seven or nine bio systems 14 3 4 461 481 bibcode 1981bisys 14 461c doi 10 1016 0303 2647 81 90050 2 pmid 7337818 viola r nyvall p pedersén m 2001 the unique features of starch metabolism in red algae proceedings of the royal society b biological sciences 268 1474 1417 1422 doi 10 1098 rspb 2001 1644 pmc 1088757 pmid 11429143 fuertes rabanal maría rebaque diego largo gosens asier encina antonio mélida hugo 2024 12 20 cell walls a comparative view of the composition of cell surfaces of plants algae and microorganisms pdf journal of experimental botany 76 10 oxford university press 2614 2645 doi 10 1093 jxb erae512 retrieved 2026 08 27 leebens mack j h et al one thousand plant transcriptomes initiative october 2019 one thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants nature 574 7780 679 685 doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1693 2 pmc 6872490 pmid 31645766 cocquyt ellen verbruggen heroen leliaert frederik zechman frederick w sabbe koen de clerck olivier february 2009 gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae bmc evolutionary biology 9 1 39 bibcode 2009bmcee 9 39c doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 39 pmc 2652445 pmid 19216746 becker b 2007 function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants viridiplantae international review of cytology vol 264 pp 1 24 doi 10 1016 s0074 7696 07 64001 7 isbn 978 0 12 374263 6 pmid 17964920 kim e graham l e july 2008 redfield rosemary jeanne ed eef2 analysis challenges the monophyly of archaeplastida and chromalveolata plos one 3 7 e2621 bibcode 2008ploso 3 2621k doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002621 pmc 2440802 pmid 18612431 su danyan yang lingxiao shi xuan ma xiaoya zhou xiaofan hedges s blair zhong bojian 2021 07 29 battistuzzi fabia ursula ed large scale phylogenomic analyses reveal the monophyly of bryophytes and neoproterozoic origin of land plants molecular biology and evolution 38 8 3332 3344 doi 10 1093 molbev msab106 pmc 8321542 pmid 33871608 becker b marin b 2009 streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes annals of botany 103 7 999 1004 doi 10 1093 aob mcp044 pmc 2707909 pmid 19273476 1 2 delwiche c f timme r e june 2011 plants current biology 21 11 r417 22 bibcode 2011cbio 21 r417d doi 10 1016 j cub 2011 04 021 pmid 21640897 charophycean green algae home page www life umd edu retrieved 2018 02 24 ruhfel brad r gitzendanner matthew a soltis pamela s soltis douglas e burleigh j gordon february 2014 from algae to angiosperms inferring the phylogeny of green plants viridiplantae from 360 plastid genomes bmc evolutionary biology 14 1 23 bibcode 2014bmcee 14 23r doi 10 1186 1471 2148 14 23 pmc 3933183 pmid 24533922 delwiche charles f cooper e d october 2015 the evolutionary origin of a terrestrial flora current biology 25 19 r899 910 bibcode 2015cbio 25 r899d doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 08 029 pmid 26439353 parfrey laura wegener lahr daniel j g knoll andrew h katz laura a august 2011 estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 108 33 13624 9 bibcode 2011pnas 10813624p doi 10 1073 pnas 1110633108 pmc 3158185 pmid 21810989 viridiplantae retrieved 2009 03 08 adl sina m simpson alastair g b farmer mark a et al 2005 the new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists the journal of eukaryotic microbiology 52 5 399 451 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2005 00053 x pmid 16248873 s2cid 8060916 bowles alexander m c williamson christopher j williams tom a lenton timothy m donoghue philip c j 2022 10 31 the origin and early evolution of plants trends in plant science 28 3 312 329 doi 10 1016 j tplants 2022 09 009 hdl 10871 131900 pmid 36328872 s2cid 253303816 1 2 leliaert frederik smith david r moreau hervé herron matthew d verbruggen heroen delwiche charles f de clerck olivier 2012 phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae pdf critical reviews in plant sciences 31 1 1 46 bibcode 2012crvps 31 1l doi 10 1080 07352689 2011 615705 s2cid 17603352 marin b september 2012 nested in the chlorellales or independent class phylogeny and classification of the pedinophyceae 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1 11601 pmid 29456145 zhang jian et al 2020 the hornwort genome and early land plant evolution nature plants 6 2 107 118 bibcode 2020natpl 6 107z doi 10 1038 s41477 019 0588 4 pmc 7027989 pmid 32042158 li fay wei et al 2020 anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts nature plants 6 3 259 272 bibcode 2020natpl 6 259l doi 10 1038 s41477 020 0618 2 pmc 8075897 pmid 32170292 wikispecies has information related to viridiplantae v t e eukaryote classification domain archaea bacteria eukaryota major groups metamonada discoba diaphoretickes hacrobia cryptista rhizaria alveolata stramenopiles plants amorphea amoebozoa opisthokonta animalia fungi mesomycetozoea amorphea amoebozoa discosea tubulinea variosea archamoebea cutosea eumycetozoa true slime molds obazoa apusomonadida breviatea opisthokonta holomycota nucleariidae fungi ¹ holozoa tunicaraptor bicellum ichthyosporea pluriformea filozoa filasterea choanozoa choanoflagellata animalia animals ¹ diaphoretickes telonemia haptista centroplasthelida haptophytina sar rhizaria cercozoa endomyxa retaria foraminifera radiolaria alveolata colponemida ciliophora ciliates myzozoa apicomplexa colpodellida dinoflagellata perkinsea squirmida stramenopiles platysulcus kaonashia commation bigyra bicosoecida placidozoa sagenista gyrista developea pirsoniales hyphochytriomycetes ochrophyta brown algae diatoms and relatives oomycota water molds actinophryida cam pancryptista microheliella cryptista palpitomonas katablepharidida cryptomonada archaeplastida plants sensu lato picozoa rhodophyta red algae rhodelphidia glaucophyta viridiplantae green plants or plants sensu stricto prasinodermophyta chlorophyta streptophyta mesostigmatophyceae chlorokybophyceae spirotaenia klebsormidiophyceae charophyceae coleochaetophyceae zygnematophyceae embryophyta land plants or plants sensu strictissimo ¹ disparia provora nebulidia nibbleridia membrifera caelestes hemimastigophora excavates discoba jakobea tsukubamonas discicristata heterolobosea euglenozoa metamonada anaeramoebidae parabasalia barthelona skoliomonas fornicata preaxostyla malawimonadida malawimonadidae imasidae incertae sedis ancyromonadida ancyromonadidae planomonadidae divimonas crums diphylleida mantamonadida rigifilida glissandrida genera of uncertain affiliation acinetactis berkeleyaesol kamera magosphaera meringosphaera parakaryon phyllomitus quasibodo tetrahelia acritarchs and other fossils acritarcha algospongia archaeochaeta calcitarcha calpionellida cephalonyx changchengia cheleutochroa chitinozoa coryphidium cucumiforma dictyosphaera diskagma eosolena francevillian biota germinosphaera grandilingulata granomarginata grypania gunflint microbiota horodyskia introvertocystis korilophyton leiosphaeridia navifusa portalites protosterol biota prototaxites pterospermopsimorpha qingshania quadrisporites schizofusa shuiyousphaeridium simia tappania tawuia tetraporina thuchomyces tuanshanzia valeria vernanimalcula ¹non protist groups possibly paraphyletic groups bold denotes groups with over 1 000 species taxonomy of protists v t e classification of archaeplastida or plantae s l domain archaea bacteria eukaryota major groups metamonada discoba diaphoretickes hacrobia cryptista rhizaria alveolata stramenopiles plants amorphea amoebozoa opisthokonta animalia fungi mesomycetozoea incertae sedis algospongia glaucoplantae glaucophyta glaucocystophyceae rhodoplantae picozoa picomonadea rhodelphidia rhodelphea rhodophyta red algae cyanidiophytina cyanidiophyceae proteorhodophytina porphyridiophyceae stylonematophyceae compsopogonophyceae rhodellophyceae eurhodophytina bangiophyceae florideophyceae viridiplantae or plantae s s green algae land plants prasinodermophyta prasinodermophyceae palmophyllophyceae chlorophyta prasinophytina mamiellophyceae pyramimonadophyceae chlorophytina nephroselmidophyceae picocystophyceae chloropicophyceae pedinophyceae chlorodendrophyceae utc clade ulvophyceae trebouxiophyceae chlorophyceae strep...