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inks here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia featural phonetic representation script visible speech script type alphabet creator alexander melville bell period 1867 to the present direction left to right iso 15924 iso 15924 visp 280 visible speech unicode unicode range u e780 to u e7ff in the conscript unicode registry this article contains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters illustrations of visible speech chart of english sounds on the nature and use of visible speech not to be confused with visible speech the diverse oneness of writing systems visible speech is a system of phonetic symbols developed by british linguist alexander melville bell in 1867 to represent the position of the speech organs in articulating sounds bell was known internationally as a teacher of speech and proper elocution and an author of books on the subject the system is composed of symbols that show the position and movement of the throat tongue and lips as they produce the sounds of language and it is a type of phonetic notation the system was used to aid the deaf in learning to speak in 1864 melville promoted his first works on visible speech in order to help the deaf both learn and improve upon their speech since the profoundly deaf could not hear their own pronunciation 1 to help promote the system bell created two written short forms using his system of 29 modifiers and tones 52 consonants 36 vowels and a dozen diphthongs 2 they were named world english which was similar to the international phonetic alphabet and also line writing used as a shorthand form for stenographers 3 melville s works on visible speech became highly notable and were described by édouard séguin as being a greater invention than the telephone by his son alexander graham bell 3 melville saw numerous applications for his invention including its worldwide use as a universal language however although heavily promoted at the second international congress on education of the deaf in milan italy in 1880 after a period of a dozen years or so in which it was applied to the education of the deaf visible speech was found to be more cumbersome and thus a hindrance to the teaching of speech to the deaf compared to other methods 4 and eventually faded from use bell s son alexander graham bell learned the symbols assisted his father in giving public demonstrations of the system and mastered it to the point that he later improved upon his father s work eventually alexander graham bell became a powerful advocate of visible speech and oralism in the united states the money he earned from his patent of the telephone and the sale of his volta laboratory patents helped him to pursue this mission the early years edit in 1867 alexander melville bell published the book visible speech the science of universal alphabetics this book contains information about the system of symbols he created that when used to write words indicated pronunciation so accurately that it could even reflect regional accents 5 a person reading a piece of text handwritten in melville bell s system of characters could accurately reproduce a sentence the way it would be spoken by someone with a foreign or regional accent in his demonstrations melville bell employed his son alexander graham bell to read from the visible speech transcript of the volunteer s spoken words and would astound the audience by saying it back exactly as the volunteer had spoken it a few samples of the writing system invented by melville bell may be seen in the images on this page these images depict melville bell s intention of creating a script in which the characters actually look like the position of the mouth when speaking them out loud the system is useful not only because its visual representation mimicks the physical act of speaking but because it does so these symbols may be used to write words in any language hence the name universal alphabetics 6 melville bell s system was effective at helping deaf people improve their pronunciation but his son graham bell decided to improve upon his father s invention by creating a system of writing that was even more accurate and employed the most advanced technology of the time a fresh take on pronunciation for the deaf edit alexander graham bell later devised another system of visual cues that also came to be known as visible speech yet this system did not use symbols written on paper to teach deaf people how to pronounce words instead graham bell s system developed at his volta laboratory in washington d c involved the use of a spectrogram a device that makes visible records of the frequency intensity and time analysis of short samples of speech 5 the spectrogram translated sounds into readable patterns via a photographic process this system was based on the idea that the eye should be able to read patterns of vocalizations in much the same way that the ear translates these vocalizations into meaning modern implementations of bell s idea display sound spectra in real time and are used in phonology 7 speech therapy and computer speech recognition method edit the idea of the use of a spectrograph to translate speech into a visual representation a spectrogram was created in the hopes of enabling the deaf to use a telephone 8 if the sounds could be translated into something readable then a deaf person at the receiving end could then read out the pattern of speech to determine its meaning without having to hear what was said the spectrograph readings could also be used to teach pronunciation by having a person speak into the spectrograph and watch a small television like screen to monitor the precision of their utterances 8 see also edit international english second international congress on education of the deaf universal language volta laboratory and bureau hangul notes edit winzer 1993 pg 192 winzer 1993 pg 193 1 2 winzer 1993 pg 194 winzer 1993 pg 195 203 1 2 potter kopp and kopp 1966 visible speech melville bell 1867 visible speech the science of universal alphabetics myers and crowhurst phonology case studies university of texas at austin 2006 1 2 kopp 1967 visible speech manual references edit kopp visible speech manual wayne state university press detroit 1967 isbn hv 2490 k83 potter kopp kopp visible speech dover publications 1966 isbn tk 6500 p86 1966 bell alexander melville visible speech the science of universal alphabetics simkin marshall co london 1867 winzer margret a the history of special education from isolation to integration washington dc gallaudet university press 1993 isbn 978 1 56368 018 2 external links edit visible speech with ipa equivalents omniglot com visible speech as a means of communicating articulation to deaf mutes american memory alexander graham bell family papers description and overview of visible speech with fonts visible speech by alex m bell through google books primer of phonetics by henry sweet through google books a manual on sweet s revision of visible speech organic speech v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca roman other sitelen pona semi syllabaries full linear elamite celtiberian iberian northeastern southeastern khom dunging redundant espanca script pahawh hmong khitan small script southwest paleohispanic bopomofo quốc âm tân tự sign languages aslwrite signwriting si5s stokoe notation syllabaries afaka bamum bété byblos canadian aboriginal cherokee cypriot cypro minoan ditema tsa dinoko eskayan geba great lakes algonquian iban idu kana hiragana katakana man yōgana hentaigana sōgana jindai moji kikakui kpelle linear b linear elamite lisu loma nüshu nwagu aneke script old persian cuneiform sumerian vai woleai yi yugtun v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american printing house for the blind other tactile alphabets decapoint moon type new york point night writing vibratese related topics accessible publishing braille literacy robobraille retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title visible_speech oldid 1348212263 categories phonetic alphabets alexander graham bell deafness special education 1867 introductions english spelling reform hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata scripts with iso 15924 four letter codes pages with plain ipa this page was last edited on 11 april 2026 at 10 54 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy 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