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voltage divider wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 general case 2 examples toggle examples subsection 2 1 resistive divider 2 2 low pass rc filter 2 3 inductive divider 2 4 capacitive divider 3 loading effect 4 applications toggle applications subsection 4 1 sensor measurement 4 2 high voltage measurement 4 3 logic level shifting 5 see also 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents voltage divider 36 languages afrikaans العربية български বাংলা català čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά español eesti euskara فارسی français עברית हिन्दी italiano 日本語 한국어 lombard lietuvių malagasy македонски nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english српски srpski svenska українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia linear circuit that produces an output voltage that is a fraction of its input voltage in electronics a voltage divider also known as a potential divider is a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage v out that is a fraction of its input voltage v in voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of the divider a simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors connected in series with the input voltage applied across the resistor pair and the output voltage emerging from the connection between them resistor voltage dividers are commonly used to create reference voltages or to reduce the magnitude of a voltage so it can be measured and may also be used as signal attenuators at low alternating current frequencies for direct current and relatively low alternating current frequencies a voltage divider may be sufficiently accurate if made only of resistors where frequency response over a wide range is required such as in an oscilloscope probe a voltage divider may have capacitive elements added to compensate load capacitance in electric power transmission a capacitive voltage divider is used for measurement of high voltage general case edit figure 1 a simple voltage divider a voltage divider referenced to ground is created by connecting two electrical impedances in series as shown in figure 1 the input voltage is applied across the series impedances z 1 and z 2 and the output is the voltage across z 2 z 1 and z 2 may be composed of any combination of elements such as resistors inductors and capacitors if the current in the output wire is zero i out 0 then the relationship between the input voltage v in and the output voltage v out is v o u t z 2 z 1 z 2 v i n displaystyle v_ mathrm out frac z_ 2 z_ 1 z_ 2 cdot v_ mathrm in proof using ohm s law v i n i z 1 z 2 displaystyle v_ mathrm in i cdot z_ 1 z_ 2 v o u t i z 2 displaystyle v_ mathrm out i cdot z_ 2 i v i n z 1 z 2 displaystyle i frac v_ mathrm in z_ 1 z_ 2 v o u t v i n z 2 z 1 z 2 displaystyle v_ mathrm out v_ mathrm in cdot frac z_ 2 z_ 1 z_ 2 the transfer function also known as the divider s voltage ratio of this circuit is h v o u t v i n z 2 z 1 z 2 displaystyle h frac v_ mathrm out v_ mathrm in frac z_ 2 z_ 1 z_ 2 in general this transfer function is a complex rational function of frequency examples edit resistive divider edit figure 2 simple resistive voltage divider a resistive divider is the case where both impedances z 1 and z 2 are purely resistive figure 2 substituting z 1 r 1 and z 2 r 2 into the previous expression gives v o u t r 2 r 1 r 2 v i n displaystyle v_ mathrm out frac r_ 2 r_ 1 r_ 2 cdot v_ mathrm in if r 1 r 2 then v o u t 1 2 v i n displaystyle v_ mathrm out frac 1 2 cdot v_ mathrm in if v out 6 v and v in 9 v both commonly used voltages then v o u t v i n r 2 r 1 r 2 6 9 2 3 displaystyle frac v_ mathrm out v_ mathrm in frac r_ 2 r_ 1 r_ 2 frac 6 9 frac 2 3 and by solving using algebra r 2 must be twice the value of r 1 to solve for r 1 r 1 r 2 v i n v o u t r 2 r 2 v i n v o u t 1 displaystyle r_ 1 frac r_ 2 cdot v_ mathrm in v_ mathrm out r_ 2 r_ 2 cdot left frac v_ mathrm in v_ mathrm out 1 right to solve for r 2 r 2 r 1 1 v i n v o u t 1 displaystyle r_ 2 r_ 1 cdot frac 1 left frac v_ mathrm in v_ mathrm out 1 right any ratio v out v in greater than 1 is not possible that is using resistors alone it is not possible to either invert the voltage or increase v out above v in low pass rc filter edit figure 3 resistor capacitor voltage divider consider a divider consisting of a resistor and capacitor as shown in figure 3 comparing with the general case we see z 1 r and z 2 is the impedance of the capacitor given by z 2 j x c 1 j ω c displaystyle z_ 2 mathrm j x_ mathrm c frac 1 mathrm j omega c where x c is the reactance of the capacitor c is the capacitance of the capacitor j is the imaginary unit and ω omega is the radian frequency of the input voltage this divider will then have the voltage ratio v o u t v i n z 2 z 1 z 2 1 j ω c 1 j ω c r 1 1 j ω r c displaystyle frac v_ mathrm out v_ mathrm in frac z_ mathrm 2 z_ mathrm 1 z_ mathrm 2 frac frac 1 mathrm j omega c frac 1 mathrm j omega c r frac 1 1 mathrm j omega rc the product τ tau rc is called the time constant of the circuit the ratio then depends on frequency in this case decreasing as frequency increases this circuit is in fact a basic first order low pass filter the ratio contains an imaginary number and actually contains both the amplitude and phase shift information of the filter to extract just the amplitude ratio calculate the magnitude of the ratio that is v o u t v i n 1 1 ω r c 2 displaystyle left frac v_ mathrm out v_ mathrm in right frac 1 sqrt 1 omega rc 2 inductive divider edit inductive dividers split ac input according to inductance v o u t l 2 l 1 l 2 v i n displaystyle v_ mathrm out frac l_ 2 l_ 1 l_ 2 cdot v_ mathrm in with components in the same positions as figure 2 the above equation is for non interacting inductors mutual inductance as in an autotransformer will alter the results inductive dividers split ac input according to the reactance of the elements as for the resistive divider above capacitive divider edit capacitive dividers do not pass dc input for an ac input a simple capacitive equation is v o u t x c 2 x c 1 x c 2 v i n 1 c 2 1 c 1 1 c 2 v i n c 1 c 1 c 2 v i n displaystyle v_ mathrm out frac xc_ 2 xc_ 1 xc_ 2 cdot v_ mathrm in frac 1 c_ 2 1 c_ 1 1 c_ 2 cdot v_ mathrm in frac c_ 1 c_ 1 c_ 2 cdot v_ mathrm in with components in the same positions as figure 2 any leakage current in the capactive elements requires use of the generalized expression with two impedances by selection of parallel r and c elements in the proper proportions the same division ratio can be maintained over a useful range of frequencies this is the principle applied in compensated oscilloscope probes to increase measurement bandwidth loading effect edit the output voltage of a voltage divider will vary according to the electric current it is supplying to its external electrical load the effective source impedance coming from a divider of z 1 and z 2 as above will be z 1 in parallel with z 2 sometimes written z 1 z 2 that is z 1 z 2 z 1 z 2 hz 1 to obtain a sufficiently stable output voltage the output current must either be stable and so be made part of the calculation of the potential divider values or limited to an appropriately small percentage of the divider s input current load sensitivity can be decreased by reducing the impedance of both halves of the divider though this increases the divider s quiescent input current and results in higher power consumption and wasted heat in the divider 1 voltage regulators are often used in lieu of passive voltage dividers when it is necessary to accommodate high or fluctuating load currents applications edit voltage dividers are used for adjusting the level of a signal for bias of active devices in amplifiers and for measurement of voltages a wheatstone bridge and a multimeter both include voltage dividers a potentiometer is used as a variable voltage divider in the volume control of many radios sensor measurement edit voltage dividers can be used to allow a microcontroller to measure the resistance of a sensor 2 the sensor is wired in series with a known resistance to form a voltage divider and a known voltage is applied across the divider the microcontroller s analog to digital converter is connected to the center tap of the divider so that it can measure the tap voltage and by using the measured voltage and the known resistance and voltage compute the sensor resistance this technique is commonly used to measure the resistance of temperature sensors such as thermistors and rtds another example that is commonly used involves a potentiometer variable resistor as one of the resistive elements when the shaft of the potentiometer is rotated the resistance it produces either increases or decreases the change in resistance corresponds to the angular change of the shaft if coupled with a stable voltage reference the output voltage can be fed into an analog to digital converter and a display can show the angle such circuits are commonly used in reading control knobs high voltage measurement edit high voltage hv resistor divider probe the hv to be measured v in is applied to the corona ball probe tip and ground is connected to the other end of the divider via the black cable the divider output v out appears on the connector adjacent to the cable a voltage divider can be used to scale down a very high voltage so that it can be measured by a volt meter the high voltage is applied across the divider and the divider output which outputs a lower voltage that is within the meter s input range is measured by the meter high voltage resistor divider probes designed specifically for this purpose can be used to measure voltages up to 100 kv special high voltage resistors are used in such probes as they must be able to tolerate high input voltages and to produce accurate results must have matched temperature coefficients and very low voltage coefficients capacitive divider probes are typically used for voltages above 100 kv as the heat caused by power losses in resistor divider probes at such high voltages could be excessive logic level shifting edit a voltage divider can be used as a crude logic level shifter to interface two circuits that use different operating voltages for example some logic circuits operate at 5 v whereas others operate at 3 3 v directly interfacing a 5 v logic output to a 3 3 v input may cause permanent damage to the 3 3 v circuit in this case a voltage divider with an output ratio of 3 3 5 might be used to reduce the 5 v signal to 3 3 v to allow the circuits to interoperate without damaging the 3 3 v circuit for this to be feasible the 5 v source impedance and 3 3 v input impedance must be negligible or they must be constant and the divider resistor values must account for their impedances if the input impedance is capacitive a purely resistive divider will limit the data rate see also edit current divider dc to dc converter voltage amplifier references edit 9 2 1 design requirements sn74hcs72 schmitt trigger input dual d type negative edge triggered flip flops with clear and preset pdf texas instruments incorporated june 2020 february 2020 p 11 scls801a archived pdf from the original on 2023 07 20 retrieved 2023 07 20 p 11 it is required for the r1 resistor to be at least ten times larger than r2 to avoid a divider circuit r2 10 r1 23 pages a very quick and dirty introduction to sensors microcontrollers and electronics part three how sensors and actuators work and how to hook them up to a microcontroller pdf 2014 07 02 archived pdf from the original on 2023 07 20 retrieved 2015 11 02 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to voltage dividers voltage divider calculator authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title voltage_divider oldid 1375914543 categories analog circuits voltage hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata use dmy dates from july 2023 use list defined references from july 2023 commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 20 september 2026 at 21 03 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 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