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a does not bar this approach for that doctrine applies only to the terms upon which states are admitted to the union and not to the remedies for local evils which have subsequently appeared see coyle v smith 221 u s 559 and cases cited therein 48 original bill edit united states president lyndon b johnson martin luther king jr clarence mitchell jr patricia roberts harris and other guests at the signing of the voting rights act on august 6 1965 49 senate edit the voting rights act of 1965 was introduced in congress on march 17 1965 as s 1964 and it was jointly sponsored by senate majority leader mike mansfield d mt and senate minority leader everett dirksen r il both of whom had worked with attorney general katzenbach to draft the bill s language 50 although democrats held two thirds of the seats in both chambers of congress after the 1964 senate elections 31 49 johnson worried that southern democrats would filibuster the legislation because they had opposed other civil rights efforts he enlisted dirksen to help gain republican support dirksen did not originally intend to support voting rights legislation so soon after supporting the civil rights act of 1964 but he expressed willingness to accept revolutionary legislation after learning about the police violence against marchers in selma on bloody sunday 31 95 96 given dirksen s key role in helping katzenbach draft the legislation it became known informally as the dirksenbach bill 31 96 after mansfield and dirksen introduced the bill 64 additional senators agreed to co sponsor it 31 150 with a total 46 democratic and 20 republican co sponsors 51 the bill contained several special provisions that targeted certain state and local governments a coverage formula that determined which jurisdictions were subject to the act s other special provisions covered jurisdictions a preclearance requirement that prohibited covered jurisdictions from implementing changes to their voting procedures without first receiving approval from the u s attorney general or the u s district court for d c that the changes were not discriminatory and the suspension of tests or devices such as literacy tests in covered jurisdictions the bill also authorized the assignment of federal examiners to register voters and of federal observers to monitor elections to covered jurisdictions that were found to have engaged in egregious discrimination the bill set these special provisions to expire after five years 33 319 320 34 520 524 52 5 6 the scope of the coverage formula was a matter of contentious congressional debate the coverage formula reached a jurisdiction if 1 the jurisdiction maintained a test or device on november 1 1964 and 2 less than 50 percent of the jurisdiction s voting age residents either were registered to vote on november 1 1964 or cast a ballot in the november 1964 presidential election 33 317 this formula reached few jurisdictions outside the deep south to appease legislators who felt that the bill unfairly targeted southern jurisdictions the bill included a general prohibition on racial discrimination in voting that applied nationwide 53 1352 the bill also included provisions allowing a covered jurisdiction to bail out of coverage by proving in federal court that it had not used a test or device for a discriminatory purpose or with a discriminatory effect during the 5 years preceding its bailout request 52 6 additionally the bill included a bail in provision under which federal courts could subject discriminatory non covered jurisdictions to remedies contained in the special provisions 54 55 2006 2007 the bill was first considered by the senate judiciary committee whose chair senator james eastland d ms opposed the legislation with several other southern senators on the committee to prevent the bill from dying in committee mansfield proposed a motion to require the judiciary committee to report the bill out of committee by april 9 which the senate overwhelmingly passed by a vote of 67 to 13 31 150 51 during the committee s consideration of the bill senator ted kennedy d ma led an effort to amend the bill to prohibit poll taxes although the twenty fourth amendment which banned the use of poll taxes in federal elections was ratified a year earlier johnson s administration and the bill s sponsors did not include a provision in the voting rights bill banning poll taxes in state elections because they feared courts would strike down the legislation as unconstitutional 34 521 39 285 additionally by excluding poll taxes from the definition of tests or devices the coverage formula did not reach texas or arkansas mitigating opposition from those two states influential congressional delegations 34 521 nonetheless with the support of liberal committee members kennedy s amendment to prohibit poll taxes passed by a 9 4 vote in response dirksen offered an amendment that exempted from the coverage formula any state that had at least 60 percent of its eligible residents registered to vote or that had a voter turnout that surpassed the national average in the preceding presidential election this amendment which effectively exempted all states from coverage except mississippi passed during a committee meeting in which three liberal members were absent dirksen offered to drop the amendment if the poll tax ban were removed ultimately the bill was reported out of committee on april 9 by a 12 4 vote without a recommendation 31 152 153 on april 22 the full senate started debating the bill dirksen spoke first on the bill s behalf saying that legislation is needed if the unequivocal mandate of the fifteenth amendment is to be enforced and made effective and if the declaration of independence is to be made truly meaningful 31 154 senator strom thurmond r sc retorted that the bill would lead to despotism and tyranny and senator sam ervin d nc argued that the bill was unconstitutional because it deprived states of their right under article i section 2 of the constitution to establish voter qualifications and because the bill s special provisions targeted only certain jurisdictions on may 6 ervin offered an amendment to abolish the coverage formula s automatic trigger and instead allow federal judges to appoint federal examiners to administer voter registration this amendment overwhelmingly failed with 42 democrats and 22 republicans voting against it 31 154 156 after lengthy debate ted kennedy s amendment to prohibit poll taxes also failed 49 45 on may 11 51 however the senate agreed to include a provision authorizing the attorney general to sue any jurisdiction covered or non covered to challenge its use of poll taxes 39 156 157 52 2 an amendment offered by senator robert f kennedy d ny to enfranchise english illiterate citizens who had attained at least a sixth grade education in a non english speaking school also passed by 48 19 southern legislators offered a series of amendments to weaken the bill all of which failed 31 159 on may 25 the senate voted for cloture by a 70 30 vote thus overcoming the threat of filibuster and limiting further debate on the bill 56 on may 26 the senate passed the bill by a 77 19 vote democrats 47 16 republicans 30 2 only senators representing southern states voted against it 31 161 57 house of representatives edit remarks on the signing of the voting rights act of 1965 statement by united states president johnson on august 6 1965 about the voting rights act of 1965 remarks on the signing of the voting rights act of 1965 audio only problems playing these files see media help emanuel celler d ny chair of the house judiciary committee introduced the voting rights act in the house of representatives on march 19 1965 as h r 6400 51 the house judiciary committee was the first committee to consider the bill the committee s ranking republican william mcculloch r oh generally supported expanding voting rights but he opposed both the poll tax ban and the coverage formula and he led opposition to the bill in committee the committee eventually approved the bill on may 12 but it did not file its committee report until june 1 31 162 the bill included two amendments from subcommittee a penalty for private persons who interfered with the right to vote and a prohibition of all poll taxes the poll tax prohibition gained speaker of the house john mccormack s support the bill was next considered by the rules committee whose chair howard w smith d va opposed the bill and delayed its consideration until june 24 when celler initiated proceedings to have the bill discharged from committee 51 under pressure from the bill s proponents smith allowed the bill to be released a week later and the full house started debating the bill on july 6 31 163 to defeat the voting rights act mcculloch introduced an alternative bill h r 7896 it would have allowed the attorney general to appoint federal registrars after receiving 25 serious complaints of discrimination against a jurisdiction and it would have imposed a nationwide ban on literacy tests for persons who could prove they attained a sixth grade education mcculloch s bill was co sponsored by house minority leader gerald ford r mi and supported by southern democrats as an alternative to the voting rights act 31 162 164 the johnson administration viewed h r 7896 as a serious threat to passing the voting rights act however support for h r 7896 dissipated after william m tuck d va publicly said he preferred h r 7896 because the voting rights act would legitimately ensure that african americans could vote his statement alienated most supporters of h r 7896 and the bill failed on the house floor by a 171 248 vote on july 9 58 later that night the house passed the voting rights act by a 333 85 vote democrats 221 61 republicans 112 24 31 163 165 51 59 conference committee edit the chambers appointed a conference committee to resolve differences between the house and senate versions of the bill a major contention concerned the poll tax provisions the senate version allowed the attorney general to sue states that used poll taxes to discriminate while the house version outright banned all poll taxes initially the committee members were stalemated to help broker a compromise attorney general katzenbach drafted legislative language explicitly asserting that poll taxes were unconstitutional and instructed the department of justice to sue the states that maintained poll taxes to assuage concerns of liberal committee members that this provision was not strong enough katzenbach enlisted the help of martin luther king jr who gave his support to the compromise king s endorsement ended the stalemate and on july 29 the conference committee reported its version out of committee 31 166 167 the house approved this conference report version of the bill on august 3 by a 328 74 vote democrats 217 54 republicans 111 20 60 and the senate passed it on august 4 by a 79 18 vote democrats 49 17 republicans 30 1 31 167 61 62 on august 6 president johnson signed the act into law with king rosa parks john lewis and other civil rights leaders in attendance at the signing ceremony 31 168 amendments edit main article amendments to the voting rights act of 1965 united states president george w bush signs amendments to the act in july 2006 congress enacted major amendments to the act in 1970 1975 1982 1992 and 2006 each amendment coincided with an impending expiration of some or all of the act s special provisions with the act originally set to expire in 1970 congress repeatedly reauthorized the special provisions in recognition of continuing voting discrimination 31 209 210 52 6 8 congress extended the coverage formula and special provisions tied to it such as the section 5 preclearance requirement for five years in 1970 seven years in 1975 and 25 years in both 1982 and 2006 in 1970 and 1975 congress also expanded the reach of the coverage formula by supplementing it with new 1968 and 1972 trigger dates coverage was further enlarged in 1975 when congress expanded the meaning of tests or devices to encompass any jurisdiction that provided english only election information such as ballots if the jurisdiction had a single language minority group that constituted more than five percent of the jurisdiction s voting age citizens these expansions brought numerous jurisdictions into coverage including many not in the south 63 to ease the burdens of the reauthorized special provisions congress liberalized the bailout procedure in 1982 by allowing jurisdictions to escape coverage by complying with the act and affirmatively acting to expand minority political participation 34 523 in addition to reauthorizing the original special provisions and expanding coverage congress amended and added several other provisions to the act for instance congress expanded the original ban on tests or devices to apply nationwide in 1970 and in 1975 congress made the ban permanent 52 6 9 separately in 1975 congress expanded the act s scope to protect language minorities from voting discrimination congress defined language minority to mean persons who are american indian asian american alaskan natives or of spanish heritage 64 congress amended various provisions such as the preclearance requirement and section 2 s general prohibition of discriminatory voting laws to prohibit discrimination against language minorities 65 199 congress also enacted a bilingual election requirement in section 203 which requires election officials in certain jurisdictions with large numbers of english illiterate language minorities to provide ballots and voting information in the language of the language minority group originally set to expire after 10 years congress reauthorized section 203 in 1982 for seven years expanded and reauthorized it in 1992 for 15 years and reauthorized it in 2006 for 25 years 66 19 21 25 49 the bilingual election requirements have remained controversial with proponents arguing that bilingual assistance is necessary to enable recently naturalized citizens to vote and opponents arguing that the bilingual election requirements constitute costly unfunded mandates 66 26 several of the amendments responded to judicial rulings with which congress disagreed in 1982 congress amended the act to overturn the supreme court case mobile v bolden 1980 which held that the general prohibition of voting discrimination prescribed in section 2 prohibited only purposeful discrimination congress responded by expanding section 2 to explicitly ban any voting practice that had a discriminatory effect regardless of whether the practice was enacted or operated for a discriminatory purpose the creation of this results test shifted the majority of vote dilution litigation brought under the act from preclearance lawsuits to section 2 lawsuits 34 644 645 the vote breakdown in the us senate by party of the voting rights act of 1965 in 2006 congress amended the act to overturn two supreme court cases reno v bossier parish school board 2000 67 which i...