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itarian classical liberalism democratic dirigisme eco forced labour gladstonian humanistic inclusive liberal liberalism libertarian nationalist neo neoliberalism objectivism ordoliberalism plutocracy privatism slavery third way intellectuals petty cantillon smith bentham malthus say ricardo mill hamilton bastiat marshall pareto bawerk weber von mises schumpeter keynes hayek rand coase stigler friedman buchanan rothbard sowell becker lucas laffer block hoppe origins age of enlightenment capitalism and islam commercial revolution feudalism industrial revolution mercantilism merchant capitalism primitive accumulation physiocracy simple commodity production development advanced consumer community corporate crony finance global illiberal late marxist merchant progressive rentier state monopoly technological related accelerationism anti capitalism capitalism in singapore capitalist propaganda capitalist realism capitalist state consumerism crisis theory criticism of capitalism critique of political economy critique of work cronyism culture of capitalism evergreening exploitation of labour globalization history history of theory market economy periodizations of capitalism perspectives on capitalism post capitalism speculation spontaneous order venture philanthropy wage slavery capitalism portal economics portal v t e wage labour also wage labor in american english usually referred to as paid work paid employment or paid labour refers to the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker works for a set amount of money under a formal or informal employment contract 1 these transactions usually occur in a labour market where wages or salaries are market determined 2 wage labor is a service in standard economic theory in exchange for the money paid as wages usual for short term work contracts or salaries in permanent employment contracts the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer a wage labourer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of their labour in this way not verified in body characteristics edit in modern mixed economies such as those of the oecd countries it is the most common form of work arrangement although most labour is organised as per this structure the wage work arrangements of ceos professional employees and professional contract workers are sometimes conflated with class assignments so that wage labour is considered to apply only to unskilled semi skilled or manual labour types edit the most common form of wage labour currently is ordinary direct or full time this is employment in which a free worker sells their labour for an indeterminate time from a few years to the entire career of the worker in return for a money wage or salary and a continuing relationship with the employer which it does not in general offer contractors or other irregular staff however wage labour takes many other forms and explicit as opposed to implicit i e conditioned by local labour and tax law contracts are not uncommon economic history shows a great variety of ways in which labour is traded and exchanged the differences show up in the form of employment status a worker could be employed full time part time or on a casual basis they could be employed for example temporarily for a specific project only or on a permanent basis part time wage labour could combine with part time self employment the worker could be employed also as an apprentice civil legal status the worker could for example be a free citizen an indentured labourer the subject of forced labour including some prison or army labour a worker could be assigned by the political authorities to a task they could be a semi slave or a serf bound to the land who is hired out part of the time so the labour might be performed on a more or less voluntary basis or on a more or less involuntary basis in which there are many gradations method of payment remuneration or compensation the work done could be paid in cash a money wage or in kind through receiving goods and or services or in the form of piece rates where the wage is directly dependent on how much the worker produces in some cases the worker might be paid in the form of credit used to buy goods and services or in the form of stock options or shares in an enterprise method of hiring the worker might engage in a labour contract on their own initiative or they might hire out their labour as part of a group but they may also hire out their labour via an intermediary such as an employment agency to a third party in this case they are paid by the intermediary but work for a third party which pays the intermediary in some cases labour is subcontracted several times with several intermediaries another possibility is that the worker is assigned or posted to a job by a political authority or that an agency hires out a worker to an enterprise together with means of production criticisms edit main article wage slavery wage labour has long been compared to slavery as a result the term wage slavery is often utilised as a pejorative term for wage labour 3 similarly advocates of slavery looked upon the comparative evils of slave society and of free society of slavery to human masters and slavery to capital 4 and proceeded to argue that wage slavery was actually worse than chattel slavery 5 slavery apologists like george fitzhugh contended that workers only accepted wage labour with the passage of time as they became familiarized and inattentive to the infected social atmosphere they continually inhale d 4 the slave together with his labour power was sold to his owner once for all the wage labourer on the other hand sells his very self and that by fractions he belongs to the capitalist class and it is for him to find a buyer in this capitalist class 6 karl marx according to noam chomsky analysis of the psychological implications of wage slavery goes back to the enlightenment era in his 1791 book on the limits of state action classical liberal thinker wilhelm von humboldt explained how whatever does not spring from a man s free choice or is only the result of instruction and guidance does not enter into his very nature he does not perform it with truly human energies but merely with mechanical exactness and so when the labourer works under external control we may admire what he does but we despise what he is 7 both the milgram and stanford experiments have been found useful in the psychological study of wage based workplace relations citation needed additionally as per anthropologist david graeber the earliest wage labour contracts we know about were in fact contracts for the rental of chattel slaves usually the owner would receive a share of the money and the slave another with which to maintain their living expenses such arrangements according to graeber were quite common in new world slavery as well whether in the united states or brazil 8 samuel edward konkin iii the original proponent of agorism opposed wage labour by disputing its necessity psychology and profit 9 for marxists labour as commodity which is how they regard wage labour 10 provides a fundamental point of attack against capitalism 11 it can be persuasively argued stated john o nelson that the conception of the worker s labour as a commodity confirms marx s stigmatisation of the wage system of private capitalism as wage slavery that is as an instrument of the capitalist s for reducing the worker s condition to that of a slave if not below it 12 that this objection is fundamental follows immediately from marx s conclusion that wage labour is the very foundation of capitalism without a class dependent on wages the moment individuals confront each other as free persons there can be no production of surplus value without the production of surplus value there can be no capitalist production and hence no capital and no capitalist 13 c l r james argued in the black jacobins that most of the techniques of human organisation employed on factory workers during the industrial revolution were first developed on slave plantations 14 see also edit capitalism capitalist mode of production marxist theory child labour critique of work eight hour day four day workweek full employment global labor arbitrage immiseration thesis labor rights labour economics labour theory of value marxian critique of political economy marx s theory of alienation paid time off rate of exploitation reserve army of labour surplus value six hour day sweatshop unfree labour wage slavery working class working poor footnotes edit steinfeld 2009 p 3 all labor contracts were are designed legally to bind a worker in one way or another to fulfill the labor obligations the worker has undertaken that is one of the principal purposes of labor contracts deakin wilkinson 2005 hallgrimsdottir benoit 2007 roediger 2007a the term is not without its critics as roediger 2007b p 247 notes t he challenge to lose connections of wage or white slavery to chattel slavery was led by frederick douglass and other black often fugitive abolitionists their challenge was mercilessly concrete douglass who tried out speeches in work places before giving them in halls was far from unable to speak to or hear white workers but he and william wells brown did challenge metaphors regarding white slavery sharply they noted for example that their escapes from slavery had left job openings and wondered if any white workers wanted to take the jobs 1 2 fitzhugh 1857 p xvi carsel 1940 marx 1847 chapter 2 chomsky 1993 year 501 the conquest continues verso p 19 isbn 9780860916802 graeber 2004 p 71 konkin samuel edward iii 1 may 1981 reply to rothbard strategy of the new libertarian alliance 1 a real debate is justified here between rothbard and many many others to be sure and myself and quite a few on the validity of hiring oneself out the necessity of it is in question cybernetics and robotics increasingly replace drudgery up to and including management activity the psychology of it is in question selling one s personal activity under another s direction and supervision encourages dependency and authoritarian relationships and the profit in it is open to question only the rarest skills acting art superscience command anywhere near the market reward of even low level entrepreneurship cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link marx 1990 p 1006 l abour power a commodity sold by the worker himself another one of course being the capitalists theft from workers via surplus value nelson 1995 p 158 this marxist objection is what motivated nelson s essay which argues that labour is not in fact a commodity marx 1990 p 1005 emphasis in the original see also p 716 t he capitalist produces and reproduces the worker as a wage labourer this incessant reproduction this perpetuation of the worker is the absolutely necessary condition for capitalist production graeber 2007 p 106 bibliography edit articles carsel wilfred 1940 the slaveholders indictment of northern wage slavery journal of southern history 6 4 504 520 doi 10 2307 2192167 jstor 2192167 hallgrimsdottir helga kristin benoit cecilia 2007 from wage slaves to wage workers cultural opportunity structures and the evolution of the wage demands of the knights of labor and the american federation of labor 1880 1900 social forces 85 3 1393 1411 doi 10 1353 sof 2007 0037 jstor 4494978 s2cid 154551793 hartmann heidi 1979 the unhappy marriage of marxism and feminism towards a more progressive union capital class 3 4 1 33 doi 10 1177 030981687900800102 s2cid 38196785 nelson john o 1995 that a worker s labour cannot be a commodity philosophy 70 272 157 165 doi 10 1017 s0031819100065359 jstor 3751199 s2cid 171054136 roediger david 2007b an outmoded approach to labour and slavery labour le travail 60 245 250 jstor 25149808 steinfeld robert 2009 coercion consent in labor pdf compas working paper no 66 oxford university of oxford archived from the original pdf on 1 march 2014 retrieved 3 march 2013 books deakin simon wilkinson frank 2005 the law of the labour market industrialization employment and legal evolution oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 815281 1 fitzhugh george 1857 cannibals all or slaves without masters richmond va a morris isbn 9781429016438 cite book isbn date incompatibility help graeber david 2004 fragments of an anarchist anthropology prickly paradigm press isbn 978 0 9728196 4 0 graeber david 2007 possibilities essays on hierarchy rebellion and desire ak press isbn 978 1 904859 66 6 krahn harvey j and graham s lowe 1993 work industry and canadian society second ed scarborough ont nelson canada xii 430 p isbn 0 17 603540 0 marx karl 1847 wage labour and capital marx karl 1990 1867 capital volume i london penguin classics isbn 978 0 140 44568 8 roediger david 2007a 1991 the wages of whiteness race and the making of the american working class revised and expanded ed london new york verso isbn 978 1 844 67145 8 external links edit barbrook richard 2006 the class of the new paperback ed london openmute isbn 978 0 9550664 7 4 laborfair resources archived 2018 01 15 at the wayback machine link to fair labor practices v t e employment classifications academic tenure casual contingent work full time job gig worker job sharing part time job self employment side job skilled worker journeyman technician tradesperson independent contractor labour hire temporary work laborer wage labour hiring application background check business networking cover letter curriculum vitae drug testing employment contract employment counsellor executive search list induction programme job fair job fraud job hunting job interview letter of recommendation onboarding overqualification person environment fit personality job fit theory personality hire probation realistic job preview recruitment résumé simultaneous recruiting of new graduates underemployment work at home scheme roles cooperative employee employer internship job labour hire permanent employment supervisor volunteering working class blue collar green collar grey collar pink collar precariat white collar red collar new collar no collar orange collar scarlet collar black collar gold collar career and training apprenticeship artisan master craftsman avocation career assessment career counseling career development coaching creative class education continuing education e learning employability further education graduate school induction training knowledge worker licensure lifelong learning overspecialization practice based professional learning professional association professional certification professional development professional school reflective practice retraining vocational education vocational school vocational university mentorship occupational outlook handbook practice firm profession operator professional tradesman vocation attendance break break room career break coffee badging compassionate leave bereavement leave furlough gap year leave of absence long servic...