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rritories outside the capital functions cooperatively within the framework of the state at times the warlords with their established militias are able to maintain a monopoly of violence within certain territories they form coalitions with competing warlords and local tribal leaders to present the central government with a challenge and often the state will bargain to gain access to resources or rent loyalty from the warlord and peace in the region 16 in exchange for peaceful coexistence the warlord coalitions are granted special status and privileges including the right to maintain de facto political rule within the agreed upon territory exert force to retain their monopoly over violence and extract rent and resources by limiting access to these privileges members of the dominant warlord coalition create credible incentives to cooperate rather than fight among themselves 17 in the case of afghanistan state warlord bargaining sometimes extends beyond these informal accords and elevates to the status of political clientelism in which the warlords are appointed to formal government positions such as regional governor a title which provides them political legitimacy during the state warlord bargaining phase warlords in afghanistan have a high motivation to prolong war to create political instability expose weakness of the central state prompt regional criticism against the government and continue economic extraction 18 post soviet republics edit in his study of warlordism in georgia and tajikistan political scientist jesse driscoll emphasizes how the collapse of the soviet union precipitated the rise of militant independence seeking nationalist movements within the republics particularly within the central asian and caucasus regions resulting in armed conflict and civil war many strongmen warlords had served in the soviet military police units or intelligence services and had experience operating within highly organized bureaucracies these warlords formed well structured militias that not only established political and economic control over territories but institutionalized bureaucracies to establish and maintain their monopolies over violence and rent and incentivizing the behavior of citizens within a particular geographical space 19 driscoll termed this warlordism militia coalition politics a truce was reached without any disarmament of militias instead the warlord coalitions reached a non violent order producing equilibrium 19 and eventually agreed upon a warlord friendly civilian figurehead to assume head of state duties to demonstrate the legitimacy as a sovereign state to the rest of the world this opened up georgia and tajikistan as states eligible to receive international aid which thereafter became a major source of rent for the warlords providing them with resources to increase their power and influence over these societies as driscoll observed the warlords colluded to create a state 20 ungoverned warlordism or warlords as stationary bandits edit one political theory pioneered by american economist mancur olson posits that warlords can function as stationary bandits in some african states warlord politics can be a product of endowment rich extractable resources some nations such as liberia and sierra leone have had stationary bandits who use extraction of resources such as diamonds cobalt and timber conflict resources in order to increase their political power they often enforce their right to these resources by claiming to be protecting the people 21 these warlords or stationary bandits often partner with compliant foreign firms and create symbiotic relationships to yield greater power for the warlords and a source of wealth for external firms the result is a political system in which a dominant coalition of warlords strips and distributes valuable assets in exchange for bureaucratic services and security from foreign firms 22 stationary bandits can amass power because of their economic connections with foreign firms oftentimes warlords will exert violence on a particular region in order to gain control once in control these warlords can expropriate the property or resources from the people and land and redistribute the riches in exchange for monetary value when people live in a particular region dominated by a warlord they can choose to flee or live within the political structure the warlords have created if the warlords provide protection against external threats of violence the people will be likely to stay and continue living and working in that region even though they are being extorted the trade off becomes protection for extraction and this political framework is common in periphery regions of countries which do not have a strong central government citation needed contemporary examples of warlordism edit afghanistan edit modern day afghanistan is a multiethnic multilingual country inhabited by distinct and often competing tribal societies its national borders defined only following the treaty of rawalpindi of 1919 between the united kingdom and the emirate of afghanistan afghanistan was briefly a democratic state until a 1973 coup which resulted in the april revolution of 1978 23 24 historically power in afghanistan has been decentralized and governance delegated locally to ethnic tribal leadership tribal leaders often act as local warlords representing either a tribal confederacy a tribal kinship group or a smaller tribal lineage grouping and are expected to provide security justice and social services to their respective constituencies 25 26 27 there are four dominant ethnic tribes in afghanistan pashtuns tajiks hazaras and uzbeks as well as a number of proportionally smaller tribes 23 the pashtuns are the largest and most dominant ethnic tribe in the country whose name translates to land of the pashtuns note 1 the durand line which forms the border between modern day pakistan and afghanistan has proved a source of contention in afghanistan and a source of challenge for the tribal authorities of afghanistan the line which was negotiated between british diplomat and civil servant mortimer durand and afghan emir abdur khan was a political boundary drawn in 1893 which clearly defined and demarcated the border between afghanistan and the british raj afghanistan unilaterally disputes the legitimacy of the border 24 pashtuns are the prominent ethnic group in eastern afghanistan and western pakistan and the durand line served to split their traditional homeland between two nation states the partitioning of their tribal lands is viewed by pashtun leaders as a threat to their dominance within afghanistan emboldening rival ethnic tribes and has provoked cross border tensions between afghanistan and pakistan 28 while having significant political economic and social impact on afghanistan the intervention of the soviet union 1979 89 afghan civil war 1989 96 taliban regime 1996 2001 2021 present and united states invasion and occupation 2001 2021 have not noticeably disrupted the primacy of ethnic tribal authority and thus the power and influence of warlords in ordering afghan society although the united states and its coalition allies expended a considerable amount of time effort and resources attempting to foment the centralization of government and consolidation of power in the state with its seat of power in kabul 29 30 31 32 tribal warlords continued to maintain political influence and power throughout the country outside of kabul while most warlords have power vested in them through traditional tribal customs some hold formal regional government positions but in both cases cooperation with the central government remains voluntary and reliant on incentives 33 beginning in 2008 as it became increasingly evident that the central government in kabul was incapable of extending its power and control to much of the country the us military and diplomatic corps began exploring the option of engaging ethnic tribal warlords in negotiations a strategy that continued through the obama administration 34 35 36 russian civil war and chechen conflicts edit further information chechen russian conflict and category chechen warlords warlordism was widespread in civil war era russia 1918 22 many territories were not under the control of either the red government in petrograd later in moscow or the white governments in omsk and rostov these territories were controlled by warlords of various political colors the cossack ataman semyonov held territories in the transbaikalia region and the bloody baron ungern von sternberg was the dictator of mongolia for a short time meanwhile generals such as kolchak or denikin are typically not considered warlords as they created more stable military and governing structures that claimed legitimacy from the prewar tsarist state the term warlord was frequently used when russian and chechen conflicts were reignited in the 1990s citation needed liberia edit liberia s former president charles taylor was indicted as a diamond embezzling warlord who aided and abetted liberian rebels who committed widespread atrocities and human rights abuses after seizing power from president samuel doe in a rebellion taylor won elections in 1997 during his term of office taylor was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity as a result of his involvement in the sierra leone civil war 1991 2002 his close friends included the late col muammar gaddafi of libya the conservative former ruler of ivory coast félix houphouët boigny the president of burkina faso blaise compaoré and a plethora of businessmen local and foreign who were bent on making money in liberia and disregarded un disapproval taylor was detained by the un backed special court for sierra leone in 2006 after a period of enforced exile in nigeria he was found guilty in april 2012 of all 11 charges levied by the special court including terror murder and rape 9 in may 2012 he was sentenced to 50 years in prison 37 historical examples of warlordism edit china edit main articles warlord era warring states period and five dynasties and ten kingdoms period major chinese warlord coalitions as of 1925 local warlords with their own militias began to emerge in the effort to defeat the taiping rebellion of the 1860s 38 as the manchu bannerman armies faltered and the central authorities lost much of their control the republic of china was led by yuan shikai a dictator the modern warlord era began in 1916 upon his death the national government existed and handled foreign affairs but it had little internal control until the late 1920s 39 a period of provincial and local rule under military strongmen known as the warlord era lasted until the kuomintang kmt chinese nationalist party consolidated its rule over much of the country under generalissimo chiang kai shek in 1928 40 among the prominent leaders called warlords were yan xishan in shanxi province feng yuxiang and wu peifu who had reputations as reformers zhang zuolin who ruled in manchuria until the huanggutun incident in 1928 and a number of local warlords with infamous reputations such as zhang zongchang although chiang kai shek ascended with legitimacy into his role of leadership of the kmt by succeeding sun yat sen and was recognized by foreign nations chiang was accused by some of being a warlord because of his rise by military campaign the two year northern expedition campaign 1926 28 not only defeated the beiyang army but also toppled the beiyang government chiang also conquered and conscripted the forces of rival warlords in the central plains war of 1930 this war essentially ended the warlord era albeit with the continuing autonomy of several provinces citation needed mongolia edit after the fall of the mongol empire mongolia was divided between the eastern and western mongols at the time of disintegration many warlords tried to enthrone themselves or rule the khanate jointly however there had been powerful de facto leaders in all parts of the mongol empire before the empire and the states that emerged from it were born and shaped in part from the heavy influence of roving bandits these warlords such as genghis khan and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of asia and european russia roving bandits contrary to the concept of stationary bandits offered by mancur olson extract from region to region and stay mobile warlords in mongolia could be characterized by this title because of the mongol empire s lack of definitive borders and consistent expansion and conquest during the 13th and 14th centuries vietnam edit the twelve warlords war was a period ranging from 966 968 characterized by chaos and civil war the reason this period received the title of twelve warlords war or anarchy of the 12 warlords is because of the struggle for power after the illegitimate succession to the throne by dương tam kha after the death of ngô quyền the ensuing two years were marked by local warlords rebelling in order to seize power within their local governments and challenging the đường court as a result the country fractured into 12 regions each led by a warlord europe edit warlordism in europe is usually connected to various mercenary companies and their chieftains which often were de facto powerholders in the areas where they resided such free companies would arise in a situation when the recognized central power had collapsed such as in the great interregnum in germany 1254 78 in france during the hundred years war after the battle of poitiers or in the kingdom of scotland during the wars of scottish independence free company mercenary captains such as sir john hawkwood roger de flor of catalan company or hugh calveley could be considered warlords several condottieri in italy can also be classified as warlords ygo gales galama was a famous frisian warlord and so was his cousin pier gerlofs donia who was the leader of the arumer zwarte hoop the imperial commanders in chief during the reign of holy roman emperor maximilian i did hold the title kriegsherr of which the direct translation was warlord but they were not warlords in the sense of the word today other warlords could be found in the british isles during the middle ages and up into the early modern period such examples include brian boru of ireland and guthrum of the danelaw who was the commander of the great heathen army and nearly conquered all of england 41 alfred of anglo saxon england 42 first man to unify the anglo saxon kingdoms of europe although it would not be completed until edward the elder s reign in which he conquered the last remnants of the danelaw 43 other examples edit two prominent examples of modern warlords are eastern ukraine s alexander zakharchenko and haiti s jimmy chérizier other countries and territories with prominent warlords include iraq myanmar wa state the democratic republic of the congo chechnya and dagestan libya sudan somalia pakistan pashtun tribal areas syria and tajikistan gorno badakhshan see also edit anocracy c...