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ransferred service provision to municipal service providers 25 27 the 2000s proposals for new water laws edit a 2003 modification of the national water law envisaged the transfer of certain functions from both the federal and state levels to newly created institutions at the level of river basins including financial decisions through the creation of a national water financial system the provisions of the new law remain to be implemented 28 in 2015 the government presented a new general water law requiring municipalities to ensure the financial sustainability of service operators it also promotes associations of municipalities and private sector participation furthermore it clarifies the relationship between federal state and municipal governments providing a stronger role for state governments the law is opposed by civil society groups of the platform agua para todos saying it benefits the mining and energy industry at the expense of farmers and city dwellers the water operators association aneas criticizes that the law neglects wastewater treatment and does not sufficiently address the issue of centralized decision making and red tape there was little consultation on the draft law and chances of it being passed before legislative elections in june 2015 are said to be low 29 water laws and regulation edit the 1917 mexican constitution edit sian ka an biosphere reserve first and foremost the constitution of mexico which was originally established in 1917 states that all water in mexico is considered national waters this sets the premises that mexico has the rights all water mexico and can do whatever it is they please with since they hold the territorial rights the only water that is exempt from such territorial rights is rain water specifically before it hits the ground considering it has not touched mexican land 30 mexico also has the rights to various natural resources similar to water such as soil sea water created by salt mines and liquid petroleum they also have the rights to all lagoons natural lakes rivers streams springs and other bodies of water that flow into the ocean directly connected streams flow in between different states flow along borders of different countries and extractable underground waters 31 the constitution also states that the nation has the right to regulate private property as social demands shift including private bodies of water such private land will be regulated through building new infrastructure and simulating farming and agricultural process in order to see how much water is needed all with the intent of avoid such water to be exploited or damaged 31 responsibility for water supply and sanitation edit policy and regulation edit waterfall blue cascade in chiapas mexico priorities at the national level are set through six year state development plans the 2007 2012 national water program programa nacional hídrico aimed to do the following improve water productivity in agriculture improve access and quality to water supply and sanitation support integrated and sustainable water resources management in basins and aquifers improve the technical administrative and financial development in the sector consolidate user and society participation and in this way support economic use prevent risks of meteorological phenomena evaluate the effects of climate change to the water cycle create a culture in compliance with the sector law archived 26 june 2013 at the wayback machine 32 federal policies for water and sanitation are set by the conagua which became a well established autonomous entity under the ministry of environment conagua plays a key role in the sector s financial allocation besides water supply and sanitation it is also responsible for water resources management irrigation flood protection and personnel services 28 at the regional level responsibility for water supply and sanitation vary among the 31 mexican states most of them have created state water commissions comisión estatal de agua cea which are autonomous entities that are usually under the authority of the state ministry of public works most of them provide technical assistance to municipalities and some operate water distribution systems 28 mexico u s water treaties are jointly administered by the international boundary and water commission which was established in 1889 to maintain the border allocate river waters between the two nations and provide for flood control and water sanitation once viewed as a model of international cooperation in recent decades the ibwc has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism by passed by modern social environmental and political issues 33 service provision edit sumidero canyon chiapas according to the mexican constitution responsibility for water supply and sanitation services delivery rests with 2 517 municipalities since the decentralization of 1983 24 however a few states deliver services through state water companies on behalf of municipalities in some cases the state agencies directly provide water and sanitation services in rural areas water boards juntas are responsible for water supply 28 due to different policies and programs at the local level service is provided directly by municipalities or by cooperatives public or private utilities which differ substantially concerning size autonomy performance and financial efficiency although most providers lack political independence and financial efficiency there are some notable exceptions that are efficiently operated 28 private sector participation edit in three mexican cities water and sanitation services are provided by private companies as of early 2011 cancun saltillo and aguascalientes the concession in cancun the largest of the three cities is the oldest concession awarded in 1993 as of 2011 it is held by grupo mexicano de desarrollo gmd which is part owned by suez environnement from france 34 the privately held shares in the mixed public private company in saltillo set up in 2001 are held by aguas de barcelona a spanish subsidiary of suez environnement 35 services in aguascalientes are provided by proactivo medio ambiente a joint venture between veolia environnement from france and the spanish construction firm fcc for the latin american market 36 as of 2011 the government planned to award further water concessions beginning with san luis potosí tijuana and tuxtla gutiérrez a concession law that would improve the legal framework was under review by the mexican parliament as of march 2011 37 the state of puebla awarded a 30 year water and sanitation concession to the mexican company aguas de mexico in 2013 29 38 and in 2015 the state of veracruz created a mixed company following the model established in saltillo 39 efficiency edit the efficiency and quality of water and sanitation services vary widely to a large extent reflecting different levels of development across the country on average the level of non revenue water in mexico in 2011 was 38 according to imta and 47 according to conagua 3 almost twice as high as for well run utilities in 2011 as well the average staff per 1 000 connections in a sample of 120 utilities was 5 3 according to imta and 4 9 according to a different sample analyzed by conagua 3 financial aspects edit tariffs edit pantanos de centla centla swamps view of the centla tabasco the mexican average tariff per m3 us 0 32 is about half of the average in latin america and the caribbean us 0 65 2 however since tariffs are fixed at the municipal level depending on different legal frameworks they differ substantially consequently domestic users in tijuana monthly pay us 1 1 for 30m3 whereas customers in villahermosa only pay us 0 05 for the same amount 40 41 on average only 72 of all bills are being paid 31 of water customers are not metered and are charged a flat rate independent of consumption usually commercial and industrial users are charged tariffs close to full cost recovery whereas residential users are cross subsidized sanitation is normally charged as a small percentage share of the water bill 42 cost recovery edit since tariff levels and structures vary widely in mexico some providers fully recover all costs while others do not even cover operating costs 2 there are no reliable figures concerning water supply and sanitation revenues in mexico however it seems that the sector as a whole generates a little modest cash surplus which seems to reflect shortfalls in essential spending on maintenance and modernization rather than financial efficiency 2 according to conagua total tariff collections were us 2 billion mxp21 2 billion 41 in 2006 40 according to a 2011 estimate by imta based on a sample of 96 utilities only 73 of the total amount of water bills was actually collected on average 3 investment edit mexican investment per capita in water supply and sanitation from 1991 to 2006 in constant us dollars of 2006 43 according to conagua us 2 2 billion mxp 28 6 billion were invested in the sector in 2011 44 which is us 19 per capita compared to the investment from 1996 to 2002 which was between us 3 7 and us 5 5 per capita this is a significant increase 45 according to the water operators association aneas mexico needs us 6 6 billion investments per year to make up for historic underinvestment 29 financing edit investments are financed by federal 61 in 2011 up from 33 in 2005 state 23 both in 2011 and 2005 and local subsidies 11 in 2011 down from 14 in 2005 and other sources 5 in 2011 down from 31 in 2005 the latter including self financing credits and private funding 44 two thirds of the investment is channeled through several conagua programs 5 due to overlapping planning and budget cycles at the national regional and local level as well as poor coordinated investment plans project planning is very difficult 46 external support edit most water and sanitation investments in mexico are financed domestically among the major external lenders for water supply and sanitation are the world bank and the inter american development bank which channel their loans to utilities through the national water commission the japan international cooperation agency jica support a potable water quality control project in mexico city since 2005 47 world bank edit the world bank supported a us 300 million project in the state of guanajuato from 2004 to 2009 of which 40 were allocated for water supply and sanitation 48 it also supported a us 55 2 million technical assistance project for the modernization of the water and sanitation sector approved in 2005 49 inter american development bank edit the inter american development bank has financed a series of rural water supply and sanitation projects in mexico with a focus on decentralization community development and participation it began with a first us 560 million project approved in 1998 community development and participation in 20 states 50 followed by a second us 292 5 million project approved in 2005 51 a third phase with a cost of us 200 million was under preparation in early 2010 52 prome edit prome stands for programa de mejoramiento de eficiencia de organismos operadores in english translates to the mexico water utilities efficiency improvement project prome was established in 2010 and was dedicated to improve current utilities across the country to be more energy efficient the mexican government specifically instilled this project in order to reduce sector subsidies one of the main focus areas that prome targets are water utilities before prome was even an idea in 2005 98 of urban population in mexico did have access to improved water resources however the resources from all 98 were very inefficient due to the lack of financial stability from their providers and high rates of efficiency prome sought to tackle both these issue head on in order to provide the most quality water services in mexico this project also worked hand in hand with mexico s national water commission conagua together some of the results seen from conagua and prome included working with 91 water utility companies in 25 mexican states 12 water utility companies recorded an increase in commercial usage by around 5 and sepal a utility company out of jalisco had a reduction their water usage while their company was still growing thus leaving more usage for those in need 53 organizations and programs edit lerma chapala river basin council edit laguna catemaco the lerma chapala river basin council was first introduced in 1993 and was improvement council from the previous river basin council the lerma chapala council was established by the mexican federal government as well as five state governments the goal of both councils were to created programs that allocate water usage among regions in mexico city querétaro guanajuato jalisco and michoacan these five states chose to establish this council because a river basin that flows from river lerma to lake chapala and runs through all five of these states there are approximately 11 300 00 total combined resident all five states that share this river that also happens to be very shallow averaging 7 2 meters deep there are four major water concerns that the council wishes to address water scarcity pollution alteration to lake chapala and alterations to the overall basin ecosystem in order to address such issues the council focused their own efforts on having equal distribution of water by having policies set in place treatment of river water quality increasing usage efficiency and figuring out how to conserve the basin 54 sierra madre water program edit the sierra madre water program was designed to help low income villages and communities in both mexico and guatemala and is partnership between water charity the national peace corps association and the sexto col center for community action 55 overall the program is aimed at improving three things access to safe water sanitation and health services to approximately 300 villages they also hope to provide safe with the intentions of if being using for hygiene and agriculture in various households some of the projects here are working to implement safe water are improving and adding water technologies such building holding tanks connected to villages through a water line implementing more common things such as pumps wells rainwater catchment systems water purification solutions irrigation systems aqueducts etc depending on the village this program will also be running sub projects that focus on health hygiene and sanitation rather than access projects such as clinics bathrooms and hand washing stations are a priority among health and hygiene as of 2014 this program has already completed various village wide projects in 8 mexican villages and still continues to do today 56 fundación cántaro azul edit fundación cántaro azul is a non profit organization operating of chiapas mexico that takes a multi disciplinary approach to providing people throughout mexico with access to clean water sanitation and...