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confused with mvc where unlike in three tier architecture it is considered a good practice to keep business logic away from the controller the middle layer 13 14 framework applications edit frameworks are built to support the construction of internet applications based on a single programming language ranging in focus from general purpose tools such as zend framework and ruby on rails which augment the capabilities of a specific language to native language programmable packages built around a specific user application such as content management systems cms some mobile development tools and some portal tools 15 general purpose website frameworks edit web frameworks must function according to the architectural rules of browsers and protocols such as http which is stateless webpages are served up by a server and can then be modified by the browser using javascript either approach has its advantages and disadvantages citation needed server side page changes typically require that the page be refreshed but allow any language to be used and more computing power to be utilized client side changes allow the page to be updated in small chunks which feels like a desktop application but are limited to javascript and run in the user s browser which may have limited computing power some mix of the two is typically used 16 applications which make heavy use of javascript and only refresh parts of the page are called single page applications and typically make use of a client side javascript web framework to organize the code citation needed server side edit apache wicket asp net core cakephp catalyst codeigniter django express js flask fastapi grails laravel mojolicious phoenix ruby on rails sails js seaside software symfony spring mvc wt web toolkit yii zend framework client side edit main article single page application examples include backbone js angularjs angular ember js react jquery ui svelte and vue js 17 capabilities and trade offs in modern frameworks edit javascript based web application frameworks such as react and vue provide extensive capabilities but come with associated trade offs these frameworks often extend or enhance features available through native web technologies such as routing component based development and state management while native web standards including web components modern javascript apis like fetch and es modules and browser capabilities like shadow dom have advanced significantly frameworks remain widely used for their ability to enhance developer productivity offer structured patterns for large scale applications simplify handling edge cases and provide tools for performance optimization 18 19 20 frameworks can introduce abstraction layers that may contribute to performance overhead larger bundle sizes and increased complexity modern frameworks such as react 18 and vue 3 address these challenges with features like concurrent rendering tree shaking and selective hydration while these advancements improve rendering efficiency and resource management their benefits depend on the specific application and implementation context lightweight frameworks such as svelte and preact take different architectural approaches with svelte eliminating the virtual dom entirely in favor of compiling components to efficient javascript code and preact offering a minimal compatible alternative to react framework choice depends on an application s requirements including the team s expertise performance goals and development priorities 18 19 20 a newer category of web frameworks including enhance dev astro and fresh leverages native web standards while minimizing abstractions and development tooling 21 22 23 these solutions emphasize progressive enhancement server side rendering and optimizing performance astro renders static html by default while hydrating only interactive parts fresh focuses on server side rendering with zero runtime overhead enhance dev prioritizes progressive enhancement patterns using web components while these tools reduce reliance on client side javascript by shifting logic to build time or server side execution they still use javascript where necessary for interactivity this approach makes them particularly suitable for performance critical and content focused applications 18 19 20 features edit frameworks typically set the control flow of a program and allow the user of the framework to hook into that flow by exposing various events 24 this inversion of control design pattern is considered to be a defining principle of a framework and benefits the code by enforcing a common flow for a team which everyone can customize in similar ways 24 for example some popular microframeworks such as ruby s sinatra which inspired express js allow for middleware hooks prior to and after http requests these middleware functions can be anything and allow the user to define logging authentication and session management and redirecting 25 web template system edit main article web template system caching edit main article web cache web caching is the caching of web documents in order to reduce bandwidth usage server load and perceived lag a web cache stores copies of documents passing through it subsequent requests may be satisfied from the cache if certain conditions are met some application frameworks provide mechanisms for caching documents and bypassing various stages of the page s preparation such as database access or template interpretation citation needed security edit main article web application security some web frameworks come with authentication and authorization frameworks that enable the web server to identify the users of the application and restrict access to functions based on some defined criteria drupal is one example that provides role based access to pages and provides a web based interface for creating users and assigning them roles citation needed database access mapping and configuration edit many web frameworks create a unified api to a database backend enabling web applications to work with a variety of databases with no code changes and allowing programmers to work with higher level concepts additionally some object oriented frameworks contain mapping tools to provide object relational mapping which maps objects to tuples 26 some frameworks minimize web application configuration through the use of introspection and or following well known conventions for example many java frameworks use hibernate as a persistence layer which can generate a database schema at runtime capable of persisting the necessary information this allows the application designer to design business objects without needing to explicitly define a database schema frameworks such as ruby on rails can also work in reverse that is define properties of model objects at runtime based on a database schema 26 other features web frameworks may provide include transactional support 27 and database migration tools 26 url mapping edit see also front controller and url redirection a framework s url mapping or routing facility is the mechanism by which the framework interprets urls some frameworks such as drupal and django match the provided url against pre determined patterns using regular expressions while some others use rewriting techniques to translate the provided url into one that the underlying engine will recognize another technique is that of graph traversal such as used by zope where a url is decomposed in steps that traverse an object graph of models and views citation needed a url mapping system that uses pattern matching or rewriting to route and handle requests allows for shorter more friendly urls to be used increasing the simplicity of the site and allowing for better indexing by search engines for example a url that ends with page cgi cat science topic physics could be changed to simply page science physics this makes the url easier for people to remember read and write and provides search engines with better information about the structural layout of the site a graph traversal approach also tends to result in the creation of friendly urls a shorter url such as page science tends to exist by default as that is simply a shorter form of the longer traversal to page science physics citation needed ajax edit main article ajax framework ajax shorthand for asynchronous javascript and xml is a web development technique for creating web applications the intent is to make web pages feel more responsive by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes so that the entire web page does not have to be reloaded each time the user requests a change this is intended to increase a web page s interactivity speed maintainability and usability 28 due to the complexity of ajax programming in javascript there are numerous ajax frameworks that exclusively deal with ajax support some ajax frameworks are even embedded as a part of larger frameworks for example the jquery javascript library is included in ruby on rails citation needed with the increased interest in developing web 2 0 rich web applications the complexity of programming directly in ajax and javascript has become so apparent that compiler technology has stepped in to allow developers to code in high level languages such as java python and ruby the first of these compilers was morfik followed by google web toolkit with ports to python and ruby in the form of pyjs and rubyjs following some time after these compilers and their associated widget set libraries make the development of rich media ajax applications much more akin to that of developing desktop applications citation needed web services edit main article web service some frameworks provide tools for creating and providing web services these utilities may offer similar tools as the rest of the web application 29 web resources edit main article web resource a number of newer web 2 0 restful frameworks are now providing resource oriented architecture roa infrastructure for building collections of resources in a sort of semantic web ontology based on concepts from resource description framework rdf citation needed see also edit application framework framework in computer software application security measures taken to improve the security of an application application server server that hosts applications comparison of javascript based web frameworks client side for frontend comparison of server side web frameworks for backend convention over configuration software design paradigm css framework for frontend don t repeat yourself dry principle of software development list of web service frameworks rich web application obsolete list of rich web application frameworks solution stack set of software subsystems or components needed to create a complete platform references edit multiple wiki web application framework docforge archived from the original on 2015 07 23 top open source static site generators staticgen cgi common gateway interface archived from the original on 2009 04 09 cgi www ibm com retrieved 2021 05 07 thomson kris 2003 10 29 clarification on mvc pull and mvc push retrieved 2007 07 29 microsoft three tiered distribution retrieved 2011 09 19 oracle clustering_concepts_10en pdf retrieved 2011 09 19 robert r perkoski introduction to web development archived from the original on 2013 11 07 ibm using client access express in a three tier environment retrieved 2011 09 19 oracle understanding the three tier architecture retrieved 2011 09 19 microsoft pragmatic architecture layering retrieved 2011 09 19 arokia 3 tier web architecture retrieved 2011 09 19 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link asp net mvc controller best practices archived from the original on 2011 10 11 retrieved 2011 09 19 jamis buck skinny controller fat model archived from the original on 2015 05 16 getting started with web frameworks wired magazine retrieved 2018 04 02 klimushyn mel 6 april 2015 web application architecture client side vs server side atomic spin retrieved 2016 03 06 angularjs vs backbone js vs ember js www airpair com archived from the original on 2023 03 26 retrieved 2016 06 04 1 2 3 uzayr sufyan bin cloud nicholas ambler tim november 2019 javascript frameworks for modern web development the essential frameworks libraries and tools to learn right now apress isbn 978 1484249949 1 2 3 rojas carlos 13 november 2020 building native web components front end development with polymer and vue js apress isbn 978 1484259047 1 2 3 hands on javascript high performance build faster web apps using node js svelte js and webassembly isbn 978 1838821098 enhance github astro framework github fresh github 1 2 fowler martin bliki inversionofcontrol martinfowler com retrieved 2016 03 06 xue qiang capital one engineering philosophies that shaped successful frameworks www capitalone io archived from the original on 2016 03 13 retrieved 2016 03 06 1 2 3 active record basics ruby on rails retrieved march 20 2021 object relational mapping commonly referred to as its abbreviation orm is a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in a relational database management system active record automatically creates methods to allow an application to read and manipulate data stored within its tables active record transactions ruby on rails retrieved march 20 2021 create site with ajax webplano webplano com retrieved 2025 11 23 maximilien e m 2006 tutorial 4 web services on rails using ruby and rails for web services development and mashups 2006 ieee international conference on web services icws 06 pp xliii doi 10 1109 icws 2006 139 isbn 0 7695 2669 1 v t e web frameworks comparison net asp net core ajax dynamic data mvc razor web forms blazor dnn bfc monorail umbraco websharper c drogon wt coldfusion coldbox platform common lisp cl http haskell servant snap yesod java appfuse grails gwt icefaces jhipster jwt mojarra play remote application platform seam sling spring stripes struts tapestry vaadin vert x wicket wavemaker zk javascript back end server side dojo express js fastify meteor nestjs sails js full stack analog next js nuxt remix sveltekit front end client side angular angularjs backbone js blaze closure dojo ember js ext js htmx jquery knockout mootools openui5 prototype qooxdoo react react router sencha touch sproutcore svelte vue js comparison kotlin jetpack compose web ktor perl catalyst dancer maypole mojolicious webgui php cakephp codeigniter drupal ez publish fat free flow fuelphp grav gyroscope horde joomla laminas laravel li midgard modx phalcon php fusion php nuke prado processwire qcodo silverstripe symfony typo3 wordpress xoops yii python bluebream cherrypy cubicweb django fastapi flask grok nevow pylons pyramid quixote tornado turbogears web2py zope 2 more ruby merb padrino ruby on rails sinatra rust rocket scala lift play scalatra smalltalk aida web seaside other languages application express pl sql grails groovy openacs tcl phoenix elixir shiny r yaws erlang v t e web interfaces se...