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Text of the page (random words):
mall changes which introducing j not all modern writers adhere to the conventions established by these committees 12 letter names and sound values edit n and s indicate variants specific to the northern and southern dialects of welsh throughout wales an alternative system is also in use in which all consonant letters are named using the corresponding consonant sound plus a schwa e g cy kə for èc in this system the vowels are named as below letter name corresponding sounds english approximation a a a ɑː a f a ther long b bi b b at c èc k c ase ch èch χ no english equivalent similar to lo ch in scots but pronounced further back d 1 di d d ay dd èdd ð th ese e e ɛ eː b e d short closest to h e y long f èf v v iolet ff èff f f our g èg ɡ g ate ng èng ŋ thi ng h 2 aets h h at i i i dot s ɪ iː j b i t short mach i ne long y es as consonant before vowels j je d͡ʒ j ump only found in loanwords usually from english but still in wide use such as j eli jelly ipa dʒɛlɪ and j îns jeans ipa dʒɪnz l èl l l ad ll èll ɬ not present in english a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative a bit like what the consonant cluster hl would sound like m èm m m at n èn n n et o o ɔ oː short like b o g in rp long like d aw n in rp or st o ve in scottish english p pi p p et ph 3 ffi f ph one r èr r rolled r rh rhi r̥ voiceless rolled r s 1 ès s s at t 1 ti t s t ick th èth θ th in u u n u bedol s ɨ̞ ɨː n 4 ɪ iː s for southern variants b i t short mach i ne long in northern dialects ɨ̞ ɨː not found in english identical to î and â in romanian and similar to the e in english ros e s w w ʊ uː w p u sh short p oo l long w et glide y 5 ỳ ɨ̞ ɨː ə n 4 ɪ iː ə əː s for southern variants b i t final syllable short mach i ne final syllable long a bove other places short ros e s ɨ̞ ɨː found in certain dialects of english that differentiate rosa s and roses for example general american notes 1 2 3 the sequence si indicates ʃ when followed by a vowel similarly di and ti sometimes indicate dʒ and tʃ respectively when followed by a vowel although these sounds are spelled j and ts in loanwords like jẁg jug and wats watch in addition to representing the phoneme h h indicates voicelessness in the graphemes mh nh and ngh the digraph ph which indicates the aspirate mutation of p e g ei phen ôl may also be found very occasionally in words derived from greek e g pharo although most words of greek origin are spelt with ff e g ffotograff 1 2 in the north the letters u and y are occasionally pronounced ɪ iː the same as in the south rather than ɨ̞ ɨː this is usually the case when the preceding vowel is ɪ or when y is preceded or followed by g ɡ or followed by w u forming a diphthong morffoleg y gymraeg geiriadur yr academi bangor university retrieved 25 july 2014 the vowel letter y indicates ə in unstressed monosyllabic words e g y the fy my or non final syllables regardless of whether these are stressed or not but ɨ̞ ɨː n or ɪ iː s in word final syllables again regardless of stress diphthongs edit orthography northern dialects southern dialects english approximation only ae ɑːɨ̯ 1 ai̯ eye eːɨ̯ 2 ɛi̯ m ay ai ai̯ ai̯ eye au aɨ̯ a ai̯ ɛ eye realised as c a t north and b e t south in plural endings aw au̯ ɑːu̯ au̯ h ow ei ɛi̯ ɛi̯ as in ei ght eu əɨ̯ əi̯ as in h eigh t ew ɛu̯ eːu̯ ɛu̯ roughly like edward with the d removed e w ard or cockney pronunciation of ell in words like w ell h ell ey e ɨ̯ e ɪ two distinct vowels iw ɪu̯ ɪu̯ similar to cockney pronunciation of ill in words like b ill f ill oe ɔɨ̯ ɔːɨ̯ ɔi̯ b oy oi ɔi̯ ɔi̯ b oy ou ɔɨ̯ ɔːɨ̯ ɔi̯ b oy ow ɔu̯ ɔu̯ g oa l uw ɨu̯ ɪu̯ northern ɨu̯ not present in english southern ɪu̯ see iw above wy 3 ʊɨ̯ uɨ̯ ʊi̯ not present in english closest to g ooey yw 4 ɨu̯ ɪu̯ see uw above notes final or only syllable e g chwar ae c ae th non final syllable e g chwar ae wr c ae thwas in some other words containing the letter combination wy instead of this being a diphthong the w is a consonant w in these cases the pronunciation of the y can then vary as shown in the previous table for example short final in gwyn ɡwɨ̞n n ɡwɪn s long final in gwych ɡwɨːχ n ɡwiːχ s non final in gwynion ˈɡwənjɔn where yw is followed by a vowel e g cywir tywod tywydd this does not contain the yw diphthong but a non final y hence ə see above followed by a consonantal w w diacritics edit welsh makes use of a number of diacritics the circumflex ˆ is mostly used to mark long vowels so â ê î ô û ŵ ŷ are always long however not all long vowels are marked with a circumflex so the letters a e i o u w y with no circumflex do not necessarily represent short vowels see predicting vowel length from orthography the grave accent is sometimes used usually in words borrowed from another language to mark vowels that are short when a long vowel would normally be expected e g pas paːs a cough pàs pas a pass permit or a lift in a car mwg muːɡ smoke mẁg mʊɡ a mug the acute accent is sometimes used to mark a stressed final syllable in a polysyllabic word thus the words gwacáu to empty and dicléin decline have final stress however not all polysyllabic words with final stress are marked with the acute accent cymraeg welsh and ymlaen forward onward for example are written with none the acute may also be used to indicate that a letter w represents a vowel where a glide might otherwise be expected e g gẃraidd ˈɡʊ raið two syllables manly as opposed to gwraidd ˈɡwraið one syllable root similarly the diaeresis is used to indicate that two adjoining vowels are to be pronounced separately not as a diphthong however it is also used to show that the letter i is used to represent the sequence ij which is always followed by another vowel e g copïo to copy pronounced kɔ ˈpi jɔ not ˈkɔp jɔ the grave and acute accents in particular are very often omitted in casual writing and the same is true to a lesser extent of the diaeresis the circumflex however is usually included accented vowels are not considered distinct letters for the purpose of collation predicting vowel length from orthography edit as mentioned above vowels marked with the circumflex are always long and those marked with the grave accent are always short if a vowel is not marked with a diacritic its length must be determined by its environment the rules vary a bit according to dialect 13 14 in all dialects only stressed vowels may be long unstressed vowels are always short an unmarked stressed vowel is long in the last syllable of a word when no consonant follows da dɑː good before voiced stops b d g and before all fricatives except for ll ch dd f ff th s mab mɑːb son hoff hoːf favourite peth peːθ thing nos noːs night an unmarked vowel is short in an unstressed proclitic word a a before voiceless stops p t c iet jɛt gate lloc ɬɔk sheepfold and before all consonant clusters except for those that start with s or ll sant sant saint perth pɛrθ hedge ebrill ˈɛbrɪɬ april when preceding the final syllable in a multisyllabic word y is most often pronounced as ə cyfan whole ˈkəvan in monosyllabic words or in the final syllable of a word it follows the same rules as other vowels dydd day ˈdɨːð north ˈdiːð south ynys island ˈənɨ̞s north ˈənɪs south before l m n and r unmarked vowels are long in some words and short in others vowel long short i gwin ɡwiːn wine prin prɪn scarcely e hen heːn old pen pɛn head y dyn dɨːn diːn man gwyn ɡwɨ̞n ɡwɪn white w stwmo ˈstuːmo bank up a fire amal ˈamal often e celyn ˈkeːlɪn holly calon ˈkalɔn heart the last four examples are given in south welsh pronunciation only since vowels in nonfinal syllables are always short in north welsh before nn and rr vowels are always short onn ˈɔn ash trees ennill ˈɛnɪɬ to win carreg ˈkarɛɡ stone in northern dialects long vowels are stressed and appear in the final syllable of the word vowels in non final syllables are always short in addition to the rules above a vowel is long in the north before a consonant cluster beginning with s tyst tɨːst witness before ll a vowel is short when no consonant follows the ll gwell better ɡwɛɬ it is long when another consonant does follow the ll gwallt ɡwɑːɬt hair in southern dialects long vowels may appear in a stressed penultimate syllable as well as in a stressed word final syllable before ll a stressed vowel in the last syllable can be either long e g gwell better ɡweːɬ or short e g twll hole tʊɬ however a stressed vowel in the penult before ll is always short dillad ˈdɪɬad clothes citation needed before s a stressed vowel in the last syllable is long as mentioned above but a stressed vowel in the penult is short mesur measure ˈmɛsir vowels are always short before consonant clusters sant sant saint gwallt ɡwaɬt hair tyst tɪst witness digraphs edit the middle welsh ll ligature 15 unicode u 1efa and u 1efb while the digraphs ch dd ff ng ll ph rh th are each written with two symbols they are all considered to be single letters this means for example that llanelli a town in south wales is considered to have only six letters in welsh compared to eight letters in english consequently they each take up only a single space in welsh crosswords ll itself had actually been written as the ligature ỻ in middle welsh sorting is done in correspondence with the alphabet for example la comes before ly which comes before lla which comes before ma automated sorting may occasionally be complicated by the fact that additional information may be needed to distinguish a genuine digraph from a juxtaposition of letters for example llom comes after llong in which the ng stands for ŋ but before llongyfarch in which n and g are pronounced separately as ŋɡ although the digraphs above are considered to be single letters only their first component letter is capitalised when a word in lower case requires an initial capital letter thus ll andudno ff estiniog rh uthun etc place names ll ŷr rh ian etc personal names rh edeg busnes dw i ll yfrgellydd ydy hi other sentences starting with a digraph the two letters in a digraph are only both capitalised when the whole word is in uppercase ll andudno ll ane ll i y rh yl as on a poster or sign the status of the digraphs as single letters is reflected in the stylised forms used in the logos of the national library of wales logo and cardiff university logo see also edit bardic alphabet welsh braille references edit yr wyddor gymraeg the welsh alphabet retrieved 4 march 2015 alphabets archived from the original on 17 september 2020 retrieved 30 may 2017 brake p and brake j 2020 welsh in 12 weeks pp 5 6 morris jones j 1922 an elementary welsh grammar p 1 the alphabet chelmsfordwelsh org uk chelmsford district welsh society retrieved 7 may 2026 nadine kröschel nadine 2002 welsh a vanishing language through english loans university of marburg isbn 9783638524391 retrieved 7 may 2026 thomas peter wynn 1996 gramadeg y gymraeg cardiff university of wales press 757 1 2 3 watkins t arwyn 1993 welsh in ball martin j with fife james eds the celtic languages london new york routledge 289 348 evans simon d 1964 a grammar of middle welsh dublin colourbooks ltd english and welsh link removed dead link an essay by j r r tolkien testament newydd 1567 pen 21 the 1567 new testament revelation 21 thomas peter wynn 1996 gramadeg y gymraeg cardiff university of wales press 749 awbery gwenllian m 1984 phonotactic constraints in welsh in ball martin j jones glyn e eds welsh phonology selected readings cardiff university of wales press pp 65 104 isbn 0 7083 0861 9 morris jones j 1913 a welsh grammar historical and comparative oxford clarendon press pp 11 18 65 74 rhys john december 2003 example of a book using the ll ligature adegi graphics llc isbn 9781402153075 retrieved 20 september 2014 notes edit while the international rugby club uses the term siapan in welsh sources such as yr atlas cymraeg newydd and the welsh wikipedia use the term japan external links edit wikibooks has a book on the topic of welsh pronunciation type welsh characters online type welsh accents in word welsh pronunciation course with audio v t e welsh language history common brittonic old welsh middle welsh modern welsh treachery of the blue books welsh not linguistics grammar phonology morphology colloquial literary syntax numerals singulative number orthography welsh braille ỽ y with loop dictionaries geiriadur prifysgol cymru welsh academy english welsh dictionary toponymy outside wales in the united states on road signage in english exonyms literature authors medieval welsh literature welsh mythology welsh triads mabinogion welsh medium education mudiad ysgolion meithrin wlpan bible translations into welsh comics magazines newspapers novels poetry demographics welsh speaking population y fro gymraeg by county or county borough in wales landsker line y wladfa welsh tract historical surnames politicians other occupations media programming s4c timeline bbc radio cymru cymru 2 capital cymru golwg golwg360 maes e tafod y ddraig y cymro barn music and festivals celtic media festival national eisteddfod of wales urdd national eisteddfod sesiwn fawr dolgellau shwmae sumae day tafwyl y selar awards welsh language music day welsh learner of the year nant gwrtheyrn films dialects dyfedeg south western gwenhwyseg south eastern gwyndodeg north western cofi powyseg north central eastern patagonian welsh rhos north eastern governance cabinet secretary for economy energy and welsh language welsh language commissioner welsh language board defunct groups arfor coleg cymraeg cenedlaethol cymdeithas y dysgwyr cymreigyddion y fenni welsh language society cymuned dyfodol i r iaith menter iaith mudiad adfer urdd gobaith cymru cymdeithas cyfieithwyr cymru association of welsh translators and interpreters wales interpretation and translation service crachach legislation laws in wales acts 1535 and 1542 welsh courts act 1942 welsh language act 1967 welsh language act 1993 welsh language wales measure 2011 national assembly for wales official languages act 2012 welsh language and education 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