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hue in optimal color solids plotted in perceptually uniform color spaces semichromes like red green blue violet and magenta have a high chroma while semichromes like yellow orange and cyan have a slightly lower chroma slice of the munsell color space in the hues of 5pb and 5y the point farthest from the achromatic axis in each of these two hue slices is the maximum chroma color semichrome or full color of that hue history of the idea of optimal colors edit in the beginning of the 20th century industrial demands for a controllable way to describe colors and the new possibility to measure light spectra initiated intense research on mathematical descriptions of colors the idea of optimal colors was introduced by the baltic german chemist wilhelm ostwald erwin schrödinger showed in his 1919 article theorie der pigmente von größter leuchtkraft theory of pigments with highest luminosity 5 that the most saturated colors that can be created with a given total reflectivity are generated by surfaces having either zero or full reflectance at any given wavelength and the reflectivity spectrum must have at most two transitions between zero and full macadam limits for illuminant cie f4 in cie xyy color space schrödinger s work was further developed by david macadam and siegfried rösch wikidata 8 macadam was the first person to calculate precise coordinates of selected points on the boundary of the optimal color solid in the cie 1931 color space for lightness levels from y 10 to 95 in steps of 10 units this enabled him to draw the optimal color solid at an acceptable degree of precision because of his achievement the boundary of the optimal color solid is called the macadam limit 1935 on modern computers it is possible to calculate an optimal color solid with great precision in seconds usually only the macadam limits the optimal colors the boundary of the optimal color solid are computed because all the other non optimal possible surface colors exist inside the boundary pointer s gamut edit the optimal color solid represents the theoretical limit of the possible colors of surfaces however in real life objects are not color optimal at least not the ones that present ordinary reflection this means that in practice the color of a surface is always less chromatic than the optimal color of the same hue and lightness for practical applications a smaller more realistic gamut may be needed in 1980 michael r pointer published a gamut for real surfaces with diffuse reflection using 4089 samples surfaces with specular reflection glossy can fall outside of this gamut 9 originally called a munsell color cascade the limits are more commonly called pointer s gamut after his work while this gamut remains important as a reference for color reproduction 10 newer standards have been created that more accurately define the practical gamut of surfaces like the iso socs standard object colour spectra for which 53 361 surfaces were sampled including paints prints flowers leaves human faces textiles etc 11 the iso reference colour gamut isorcg 2007 12 13 and the iso gamut of surface colours isogsc 1998 which was derived from pointer s data 1025 pantone samples printed samples and iso socs data 14 subtractive color mixing edit in subtractive color systems the color gamut is more often an irregular rounded region the gamut of a cmyk color space is ideally the same as that for an rgb one in practice due to the way raster printed colors interact with each other and the paper and due to their non ideal absorption spectra the gamut has rounded corners light sources edit light sources used as primaries in an additive color reproduction system need to be bright so they are generally not close to monochromatic that is the color gamut of most variable color light sources can be understood as a result of difficulties producing pure monochromatic single wavelength light the best technological source of monochromatic light is the laser which can be rather expensive and impractical for many systems however as optoelectronic technology matures single longitudinal mode diode lasers are becoming less expensive and many applications can already profit from this such as raman spectroscopy holography biomedical research fluorescence reprographics interferometry semiconductor inspection remote detection optical data storage image recording spectral analysis printing point to point free space communications and fiber optic communications 15 16 17 18 systems that use additive color processes usually have a color gamut which is roughly a convex polygon or a slightly concave shape in a perceptually uniform hue chroma plane not to be confused with the chromaticity diagram the vertices of the polygon are the most chromatic colors that the system can produce comparison of various systems edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2007 learn how and when to remove this message comparison of some rgb and cmyk color gamut on a cie 1931 xy chromaticity diagram following is a list of representative color systems more or less ordered from large to small color gamut a laser video projector uses three lasers to produce the broadest gamut available in practical display equipment today derived from the fact that lasers produce truly monochromatic primaries the systems work either by scanning the entire picture a dot at a time and modulating the laser directly at high frequency much like the electron beams in a cathode ray tube crt or by optically spreading and then modulating the laser and scanning a line at a time the line itself being modulated in much the same way as in a dlp projector lasers can also be used as a light source for a dlp projector more than three lasers can be combined to increase the gamut range a technique sometimes used in holography 19 digital light processing or dlp technology is a trademarked technology from texas instruments the dlp chip contains a rectangular array of up to 2 million hinge mounted microscopic mirrors each of the micromirrors measures less than one fifth the width of a human hair a dlp chip s micromirror tilts either toward the light source in a dlp projection system on or away from it off this creates a light or dark pixel on the projection surface 20 current dlp projectors use a quickly rotating wheel with transparent colored pie slices to present each color frame successively one rotation shows the complete image photographic film can reproduce a larger color gamut than typical television computer or home video systems 21 crt and similar video displays have a roughly triangular color gamut which covers a significant portion of the visible color space in crts the limitations are due to the phosphors in the screen which produce red green and blue light liquid crystal display lcd screens filter the light emitted by a backlight the gamut of an lcd screen is therefore limited to the emitted spectrum of the backlight typical lcd screens use cold cathode fluorescent bulbs ccfls for backlights lcd screens with certain led or wide gamut ccfl backlights yield a more comprehensive gamut than crts however some lcd technologies vary the color presented by viewing angle in plane switching ips or patterned vertical alignment screens have a wider span of colors than twisted nematic television normally uses a crt lcd led or plasma display but does not take full advantage of its color display properties due to the limitations of broadcasting the common color profile for tv is based on itu standard rec 601 hdtv is less restrictive and uses a slightly improved color profile based on itu standard rec 709 still somewhat less than for example computer displays using the same display technology this is due to the use of a limited subset of rgb in broadcasting values from 16 235 versus full rgb in computer displays where all bits from 0 to 255 are used paint mixing both artistic and for commercial applications achieves a reasonably large color gamut by starting with a larger palette than the red green and blue of crts or cyan magenta and yellow of printing paint may reproduce some highly saturated colors that cannot be reproduced well by crts particularly violet but overall the color gamut is smaller citation needed printing typically uses the cmyk color space cyan magenta yellow and black very few printing processes do not include black however those processes with the exception of dye sublimation printers are poor at representing low saturation low intensity colors efforts have been made to expand the gamut of the printing process by adding inks of non primary colors these are typically orange and green see hexachrome or light cyan and light magenta see ccmmyk color model spot color inks of a very specific color are also sometimes used a monochrome display s color gamut is a one dimensional curve in color space 22 wide color gamut edit main article wide gamut rgb color space the ultra hd forum defines a wide color gamut wcg as a color gamut wider than rec 709 and srgb 23 color spaces with wcgs include rec 2020 itu r recommendation for uhdtv 24 rec 2100 itu r recommendation for hdr tv same chromaticity of color primaries and white point as rec 2020 25 dci p3 and displayp3 adobe rgb color space dxo wide gamut extended gamut printing edit main article spectral printing the print gamut achieved by using cyan magenta yellow and black inks is sometimes a limitation for example when printing colors of corporate logos therefore some methods of color printing use additional ink colors to achieve a larger gamut for example some use green orange and violet inks to increase the achievable saturation of hues near those these method are variously called heptatone color printing extended gamut printing and 7 color printing etc 26 27 references edit long john h 1950 shakespeare and thomas morley modern language notes 65 1 17 22 doi 10 2307 2909321 jstor 2909321 de quincey thomas 1854 de quincey s works james r osgood p 36 gamut of hues 0 1856 ohno yoshi 16 october 2000 cie fundamentals for color measurements pdf is t nip16 intl conf on digital printing technologies pp 540 45 archived from the original pdf on 15 may 2009 retrieved 18 june 2009 perales esther mora estevan teresa viqueira pérez valentin de fez dolores gilabert pérez eduardo josé martínez verdú francisco m 2005 a new algorithm for calculating the macadam limits for any luminance factor hue angle and illuminant repositorio institucional de la universidad de alicante 1 2 schrödinger erwin 1919 theorie der pigmente größter leuchtkraft annalen der physik 367 15 603 622 bibcode 1920anp 367 603s doi 10 1002 andp 19203671504 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 koenderink jan van doorn andrea j gegenfurtner karl 2021 rgb colors and ecological optics frontiers in computer science 3 630370 doi 10 3389 fcomp 2021 630370 1 2 liberini simone rizzi alessandro 2023 munsell and ostwald colour spaces a comparison in the field of hair colouring color research and application 48 6 20 doi 10 1002 col 22818 hdl 2434 940227 lee hsien che 2005 18 7 theoretical color gamut introduction to color imaging science cambridge university press p 468 isbn 1 139 44455 7 retrieved 22 september 2022 charles poynton 2010 wide gamut image capture society for imaging science and technology p 472 tatsuhiko matsumoto yoshihide shimpuku takehiro nakatsue shuichi haga hiroaki eto yoshiyuki akiyama naoya katoh 2006 19 2 xvycc a new standard for video systems using extended gamut ycc color space sid international symposium society for information display pp 1130 1133 doi 10 1889 1 2433175 inui masao hirokawa tomotaka azuma yoshihiko tajima johji color gamut of socs and its comparison to pointer s gamut luo ming ronnier pointer mike green phil a spectral based colour gamut for real objects pdf holm j tasti i johnson t definition use of the iso 12640 3 reference color gamut pp 62 8 luo ming ronnier pointer mike green phil a spectral based colour gamut for real objects pdf single frequency laser single longitudinal mode laser retrieved 26 february 2013 jdsu diode laser 810 or 830 or 852 nm 50 200 mw single mode 54xx series archived from the original on 25 march 2014 retrieved 26 february 2013 laserglow technologies handheld lasers alignment lasers and lab oem lasers archived from the original on 23 january 2013 retrieved 26 february 2013 laser diode characteristics retrieved 26 february 2013 bjelkhagen hans i mirlis evangelos 2008 color holography to produce highly realistic three dimensional images applied optics 47 4 a123 33 bibcode 2008apopt 47a 123b doi 10 1364 ao 47 00a123 pmid 18239694 dlp technology retrieved 14 february 2010 film gamut apples and oranges archived from the original on 17 september 2008 retrieved 26 april 2007 velho luiz frery alejandro c gomes jonas 29 april 2009 image processing for computer graphics and vision springer science business media isbn 978 1 84800 193 0 ultra hd forum 19 october 2020 ultra hd forum guidelines v2 4 pdf archived pdf from the original on 20 november 2021 retrieved 11 february 2021 bt 2020 parameter values for ultra high definition television systems for production and international programme exchange www itu int retrieved 11 february 2021 bt 2100 image parameter values for high dynamic range television for use in production and international programme exchange www itu int retrieved 11 february 2021 ostromoukhov victor 1993 chromaticity gamut enhancement by heptatone multi color printing device independent color imaging and imaging systems integration vol 1909 spie pp 139 151 isbn 0 8194 1142 6 retrieved 23 june 2021 print brand colors accurately with a fixed set of inks external links edit look up gamut in wiktionary the free dictionary look up gamut in wiktionary the free dictionary using the chromaticity diagram for color gamut evaluation by bruce lindbloom color gamut mapping permanent dead link book by jan morovic quantifying color gamut by william d kappele stanford university cs 178 interactive flash demo explaining color gamut mapping v t e color topics index color science color physics electromagnetic spectrum light rainbow visible spectral colors chromophore structural coloration animal coloration color of chemicals water spectral power distribution colorimetry color perception chromesthesia sonochromatism color blindness achromatopsia dichromacy color calibration color constancy color task color code color temperature color vision test evolution of color vision impossible colors metamerism opponent process afterimage unique hues qualia tetrachromacy the dress color psychology color symbolism color preferences lüscher color test kruithof curve political color national colors chromophobia chromotherapy color reproduction color photography color balance color cast digital image processing color management color printing multi primary color display quattron color model additive rgb subtractive cmyk color sp...