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Text of the page (random words):
nett s principles and practice of infectious diseases vol 2 7th ed philadelphia pennsylvania churchill livingstone elsevier pp 3437 62 isbn 978 0 443 06839 3 1 2 3 4 5 nadjm b behrens rh 2012 malaria an update for physicians infectious disease clinics of north america 26 2 243 59 doi 10 1016 j idc 2012 03 010 pmid 22632637 1 2 3 bartoloni a zammarchi l 2012 clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases 4 1 e2012026 doi 10 4084 mjhid 2012 026 pmc 3375727 pmid 22708041 1 2 3 beare na taylor te harding sp lewallen s molyneux me 2006 malarial retinopathy a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria american journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 75 5 790 7 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 2006 75 790 pmc 2367432 pmid 17123967 benefits of proper citation are not limited to medicine and a good example of proper use of citations can be found in the featured article on ukiyo e exhibited on the main page on 25 june 2017 determining at what prices prints sold is a challenge for experts as records of hard figures are scanty and there was great variety in the production quality size 1 supply and demand 2 and methods which went through changes such as the introduction of full colour printing 3 how expensive prices can be considered is also difficult to determine as social and economic conditions were in flux throughout the period 4 in the 19th century records survive of prints selling from as low as 16 mon 5 to 100 mon for deluxe editions 6 jun ichi ōkubo suggests that prices in the 20s and 30s of mon were likely common for standard prints 7 as a loose comparison a bowl of soba noodles in the early 19th century typically sold for 16 mon 8 references footnotes kobayashi ōkubo 1994 p 216 ōkubo 2013 p 31 ōkubo 2013 p 32 kobayashi ōkubo 1994 pp 216 217 ōkubo 2008 pp 151 153 kobayashi ōkubo 1994 p 217 ōkubo 2013 p 43 kobayashi ōkubo 1994 p 217 bell 2004 p 174 bibliography kobayashi tadashi ōkubo jun ichi 1994 浮世絵の鑑賞基礎知識 fundamentals of ukiyo e appreciation in japanese shibundō isbn 978 4 7843 0150 8 ōkubo jun ichi 2008 カラー版 浮世絵 ukiyo e colour edition in japanese iwanami shoten isbn 978 4 00 431163 8 ōkubo jun ichi 2013 浮世絵出版論 on ukiyo e publishing in japanese fujiwara printing isbn 978 4 642 07915 0 bell david 2004 ukiyo e explained global oriental isbn 978 1 901903 41 6 citing different page numbers edit citing the page number or page numbers for the specific content used to source the statement or quotation in the article makes it easier to verify the claim rather than a page range using the same repeated citation if you are citing a book or pdf file then citing the specific page number or page numbers can be especially helpful for anyone reading the source one way to verify each specific page number without creating duplicate full citations is like this enhancing the availability of drinking water can lead to clear benefits to health 1 drinking water containing nitrate and nitrite has been linked to methaemoglobinaemia in particular to bottle fed babies 2 it is recommended that water be absent of tastes and odors that would be unpleasant to most people 3 guidelines for drinking water quality pdf world health organization 2006 who 2016 p 1 who 2016 p 6 who 2016 p 7 a bibliography section can be created for adding the main citation and a named ref abbreviated citation is used for each page number the named ref abbreviated citation is placed specifically where it verifies the claim the main citation looks like this cite web url http www who int water_sanitation_health dwq gdwq0506 pdf title guidelines for drinking water quality publisher world health organization year 2006 ref harvid who 2016 and the named ref abbreviated citation looks like this sfn who 2016 p 7 another way to provide a page number for each citation is by using the markup rp this is accomplished by placing it at end of the citation like this 1 7 guidelines for drinking water quality pdf world health organization 2006 citation balancekill edit shortcut wp citeaccuracy wp citeaccuracy stating some weasels are white may be engaging in unacceptable original research if the source does not explicitly state that some are white placing a citation after each idea or concept does not guarantee the content is verifiable consensus on wikipedia does not magically generate accuracy an editor may propose a change to consensus by discussion or editing the verifiability of the content depends heavily on whether the content is in actuality verified to the source placed after each idea or concept furthermore placing an inline citation where it verifies the content is important but it is equally or even more important for the content to be neutrally written by following neutral point of view verifiability and no original research policies citation balancekill the sum of accurately sourced knowledge is attainable altering the original meaning of the content may violate verifiable policy the content is more accurate and neutral when including a modifier or weasel word supported by the source adding a modifier to a sentence not supported by the source alters the original meaning of the source weasel words or unsupported attributions are words and phrases that give an appearance that something explicit has been stated when in actuality only a vague or ambiguous claim has been presented when a source indicates only a vague or ambiguous claim then the content added to an article should also indicate a vague or ambiguous claim even changing single words or certain phrases can render sourced content unsourced that is failed of verification even when the content meets verifiability policy when written an editor may rewrite it say adding a phrase or otherwise modifying a sentence perhaps long afterward the revised sentence may then say something the source does not mention leaving it no longer verifiable this issue is often overlooked for instance if a source indicates a quantity with the indefinite pronoun some then the wikipedia content may use that or a close synonym one may do this only when the source has done so so as not to mislead one may not use some when the source uses a different indication of quantity such as numerous or substantial if the source does not use the word some or if by combining sources one cannot conclude that the quantity is some then the result probably amounts to original research or a synthesis violation do not combine material from different sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any given source this would be improper editorial synthesis to suggest a new conclusion combining sources to come to a new conclusion is original research performed by an editor it is acceptable only when a reliable source has published the same argument in relation to the topic of the article we don t conduct our own reviews of the sources on wikipedia for example when two reviews verify the same content we can t state two reviews found this would in effect be combining material from different sources to reach a conclusion not explicitly stated in any individual source the content must be able to be verifiable to a reliable source not by counting of references that are present in a wikipedia article it is not an allowable provision to include content that failed verification therefore we can t state two reviews found unless an individual source stated it was two reviews moreover when there is no serious dispute between sources the content should normally be asserted without in text attribution for example there is some evidence that following this diet may lead to improvements in terms of body composition and metabolic effects compared with the typical western diet 3 this is incorrect the part some has failed verification the word some is an unsupported weasel word because the source does not accurately reflect the opinion of reliable sources support that word in reference to that content see wp some the following is correct the evidence indicates that following this diet may lead to improvements in terms of body composition and metabolic effects compared with the typical western diet 1 katz d l meller s 2014 can we say what diet is best for health annual review of public health 35 1 83 103 doi 10 1146 annurev publhealth 032013 182351 issn 0163 7525 pmid 24641555 another example is the following e cigarettes are likely safer than tobacco 1 this is incorrect the part likely has failed verification the following is correct e cigarettes are generally considered safer than tobacco 1 1 2 knorst marli maria benedetto igor gorski hoffmeister mariana costa gazzana marcelo basso 2014 the electronic cigarette the new cigarette of the 21st century jornal brasileiro de pneumologia 40 5 564 572 doi 10 1590 s1806 37132014000500013 issn 1806 3713 pmc 4263338 pmid 25410845 editors mistakenly use unsupported weasel words even when they believe they are correct for example as of 18 05 28 june 2017 wikipedia s electrical disruptions caused by squirrels states in the u s squirrels have been the cause of many power outages in pennsylvania n 1 this is incorrect the word many has failed verification adding up different sources together to come to a new conclusion is a novel synthesis bear in mind that we are required to avoid copyright infringement and plagiarism this requires us to use our own words to express the information we get from the reference this means we paraphrase and thus words not found in the sources can be used even if they are not the exact same meaning changing the wording and rearranging ideas is also an important part of paraphrasing the information should also be delicately summarized or rephrased without altering its meaning or implication it is possible to construct an alternative wordings without violating the principle of verifiability overciting content edit shortcut wp citationbloat wp citationbloat removing excessive citations is a reasonable option quality of citations not their sheer quantity improves article content unreliable sources can be removed but it is better if possible to replace them with reliable ones in order to preserve article content multiple low quality citations following a statement does not make it more true over citing content especially for non controversial claims should be avoided editors have cited citation overkill as a reason for adding additional citations after each sentence for non controversial claims citation overkill appears to support adding more than one citation after each sentence regardless of circumstance editors have misinterpreted citation overkill into thinking that it is okay to add more than one citation after each claim in any circumstance this sort of reference spamming disrupts the flow of reading an article citation overkill states if there is a good reason to keep multiple citations for example to avoid perennial edit warring or because the sources offer a range of beneficial information clutter may be avoided by merging the citations into a single footnote if the sources actually do contain beneficial information they could be used to cite other information instead of cluttering the article if an editor insists on keeping the additional citations they can be commented out using the markup in order to avoid cluttering the article with needless citations on the other hand merging citations into a single footnote can also clutter the reference section another type of reference spamming is called failed verification spamming one way to spot failed verification spamming is when an editor who restores the additional citations refuses to provide verification on the talk page for the additional citations wikipedia requires that a citation presented for a claim verify the entire claim if the additional citations only partially verifies the claim then the additional citations still failed to verify the claim it is not a valid argument to keep the additional citations when they do not verify the entire claim however if a sentence is making two separate claims it would be best to use a satisfactory source for each placed following its respective claim if one of the citations verifies the entire claim then you may only need to use one citation one citation after each sentence for non controversial claims is usually sufficient adding more citations than needed can cause citation bloat more than three citations for non controversial claims or even controversial claims may be excessive reference spamming occurs when an editor adds the same citation multiple places in an article where it is unnecessary or does not verify the claim moreover failed verification spamming occurs when more than one citation is used to try to convince others the claim is sourced when the sources presented does not verify the claim for controversial claims one citation is usually enough for content that is likely to be challenged if the claim is extraordinarily controversial then the content may require more than one citation adding more than one citation after each statement is done on a case by case basis the purpose of a citation is for readers to be able to verify the content presented not to persuade to other editors the validity of the content in certain circumstances a very controversial claim likely to be challenged may retain as many as three references cited in this form the benefits and the health risks of e cigarettes are uncertain 1 2 3 ebbert jon o agunwamba amenah a rutten lila j 2015 counseling patients on the use of electronic cigarettes mayo clinic proceedings 90 1 128 134 doi 10 1016 j mayocp 2014 11 004 issn 0025 6196 pmid 25572196 siu al 22 september 2015 behavioral and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults including pregnant women u s preventive services task force recommendation statement annals of internal medicine 163 8 622 34 doi 10 7326 m15 2023 pmid 26389730 harrell pt simmons vn correa jb padhya ta brandon th 4 june 2014 electronic nicotine delivery systems e cigarettes review of safety and smoking cessation efficacy otolaryngology head and neck surgery 151 381 393 doi 10 1177 0194599814536847 pmc 4376316 pmid 24898072 feasibility and original reporting edit you don t need to cite the entire library to back up an idea or a concept but it is better to cite something than nothing your goal is to strive to cite the best possible source and to cite in the best possible way verification must be feasible this means a statement must be able to be verifiable and not constitute original research for example not you can verify this by walking around outside or i was listening to an interview these by definition are original reporting the source must be identifiable you can t source that big book with the blue cover i have in the bookshelf in the downstairs bedroom while theoretically verifiable by one editor it is in reality not at all verifiable by readers every statement must have its own verifiable reference following its clai...
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