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Text of the page (random words):
le containing newer reviews written and published in the light of older ones and of more recent primary studies within this range things can be tricky although the most recent reviews include later research results do not automatically give more weight to the review that happens to have been published most recently the prominence of the publishing journal the quality and comprehensiveness of the review and the respectability of the authors should also be taken into account prefer recent reviews to older primary sources on the same topic if recent reviews do not mention an older primary source or result the older source is dubious for example the articles superconductivity and list of superconductors might mention the hot off the presses latest material or model found to undergo the transition but such observations should be treated as tentative until confirmed by another research group or affirmed by a broad review of the field more detail should be devoted to discussion supported by recent reviews these are just rules of thumb there are exceptions shortcut wp scihistory wp scihistory history sections often cite older work for obvious reasons an older primary source that is seminal replicated and often cited in reviews is noteworthy in its own right and can be mentioned in the main text in a context established by reviews consider scope and focus articles on broader topics and more mature fields should contain less primary research than articles on narrow actively researched topics editors should be especially leery of citing papers making exceptional claims until the relevant community has evaluated the evidence if a result is cited only by the research group originating the claim and ignored by the rest of the field it should probably not be included even if present in a review authored by the group blogs by relevant subject matter experts may be useful in talk page evaluation of the relevance of very new results though they should rarely be cited themselves see below sometimes scientific results have or are taken to have political or social relevance wikipedia articles should avoid sensationalism and should follow the relevant research community in according weight to such results reporting on political and social impacts and controversies is often done in separate article sections and sometimes separate articles sourcing for political and social aspects and controversies is beyond the scope of this guideline but is governed by the reliable sources content guideline use independent sources edit many scientific claims lack independent replication or confirmation of the legitimacy of statements made by proponents in such cases reliable sources may be much more difficult to find and unreliable sources can often be more readily available especially when writing about ideas not supported by or contradicted by mainstream research it is vital that third party independent sources be used sources written and reviewed by the advocates of such marginal ideas can be used to describe notable personal opinions but extreme care should be taken when using such sources lest the more controversial aspects of their opinions be taken at face value or worse asserted as fact if the only independent sources discussing a subject are of low quality then it is likely that the subject itself is not notable enough for inclusion for example coverage of individual perpetual motion machines should focus on their importance to the creator s biography if notable or actual impact did a large company invest in the inventor did an eminent scientist comment on the device rather than a detailed recapitulation of the supposed principles involved choosing sources edit further information academic publishing and scientific literature no source is universally reliable each source must be carefully weighed in the context of an article to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made and is the best such source scientific journals edit articles published in respected peer reviewed scientific journals are preferred for up to date reliable information scientific literature contains two major types of sources primary publications that describe novel research for the first time and review articles that summarize and integrate a topic of research into an overall view journals generally publish a mix of primary and secondary sources though some may concentrate on particular types the line between primary and secondary sources is not always clear in general primary sources include descriptions of an individual experiment or a series of experiments by the same research group secondary sources include independent review articles summarizing a line of research or rectifying apparently discordant results it is usually best to use review articles where possible as these give a more balanced and general perspective of a topic and can be easier to understand many journals serve their community by also publishing less technical material such as biographies and obituaries although almost all such material will count as a reliable source not all the material is equally useful journal articles come in many types including original research reviews expert summaries news editorials advocacy pieces speculation book reviews correspondence biographies and eulogies original research papers are primary sources although they normally contain a review of previous works that functions as a secondary source these sections are typically less reliable and comprehensive than reviews a general narrative review of a subject by an expert in the field makes a good secondary source that can be used to cover various aspects of a subject within a wikipedia article such reviews typically contain no original data but can make interpretations and draw conclusions from primary sources that no wikipedia editor would be allowed to do a systematic review uses a reproducible methodology to select primary studies meeting explicit criteria in order to answer a specific question such reviews should be more reliable accurate and less prone to bias than a narrative review 2 however systematic reviews focus on answering one or a few specific questions so that complementing with other sources may be necessary to more broadly cover a topic core basic science journals include such publications as science nature and subject specific journals published by professional associations a listing of academic journals can be found in category academic journals and its subcategories books edit when using a book as a source books should be chosen that are up to date and published by experts in the field postsecondary science textbooks published by academic publishers are often excellent secondary sources though they may need to be supplemented with more recent research if a book has students as its declared target audience it may not be as complete as a monograph or chapter in a book intended for professionals or postgraduates major academic publishers and university presses publish specialized book series with good editorial oversight volumes in these series summarize the latest research in narrow areas usually in a more extensive format than journal reviews specialized encyclopedias published by such established publishers are often of good quality but may be too terse for detailed articles some monographs may overemphasize the importance of the researchers or laboratory groups who authored them without fully reflecting the views of other experts if monographs are used as sources they should therefore be accorded appropriate weight and checked against prevailing viewpoints in the relevant field popular science books can be useful tertiary sources though information may be oversimplified or lacking in nuance or the full range of opinion in a field may not be adequately represented even in such cases it may be useful to seek them out as an example of the material being presented in a fashion accessible to non scientists most books and monographs that are self published or published by vanity presses undergo no independent fact checking or peer review and consequently are not reliable sources white and grey literature edit many organizations research produce and publish white papers and grey papers discussing or summarizing various aspects of a field these papers are typically not peer reviewed in the traditional sense but may nonetheless provide accurate and accessible information when assessing the suitability of such a source consider the reputation of the publishing organization the reliability and proper use of the sources cited and how the source is in turn cited or discussed by the relevant academic community the various national societies such as the royal society the american physical society or the royal australian chemical institute occasionally produce formal scientific reports which can be as reliable as the best traditional journal papers public guides and service announcements have the advantage of being freely readable but are generally less authoritative than the underlying literature such organizations often contain working groups and subcommittees which cannot be presumed to speak for the society as a whole government agencies and non governmental organizations often produce reports that are internally vetted and reviewed when using such a report as a source consider the purpose of the organization its reputation in the desired context and the reception of the specific report advocacy organizations formed for a specific purpose or to advance a cause may be composed of scientists and mimic the structure and naming conventions of the general purpose societies statements and reports from such organizations are not reliable except to cite the organization s opinion or position if such statements are necessary to the coverage of a topic they should be attributed and the role of the organization made clear popular press edit the popular press is readily accessible and can contain valuable supplemental information of a social biographical current affairs or historical nature however news articles should be used with caution when describing scientific results studies or hypotheses science news articles may fail to discuss important issues such as the uncertainty range of a conclusion how a result has been received by experts in the field the context of related results and theories and barriers to widespread adoption or realization of an idea articles in newspapers and popular magazines generally lack the context needed to judge experimental results be particularly wary of any result reported as surprising or revolutionary which may be an indication of exaggeration or worse popular press articles tend to overemphasize the certainty and importance of any result for instance presenting a new theory as overturning previous knowledge or a new technology as just around the corner newspapers and magazines may also publish articles about scientific results before those results have been published in a peer reviewed journal or reproduced by other experimenters such articles may rely uncritically on a press release which can be a biased source even when issued by the public relations department of a university or national laboratory 3 news articles also tend neither to report adequately on the scientific methodology and the experimental error nor to express risk or uncertainty in meaningful terms a news article should therefore not be used as a sole source for a scientific fact or figure nor should they be considered when describing what aspects of a field the relevant experts consider interesting surprising or controversial editors are encouraged to seek out the scholarly research behind the news story good quality science news articles will indicate their sources one possibility is to cite a higher quality source along with a more accessible popular source for example with the laysummary parameter of cite journal on the other hand the high quality popular press can be a good resource for presenting science to a non technical audience and often as a source in its own right to supplement but not supplant the peer reviewed literature for example while popular science magazines such as scientific american discover and popular science are not peer reviewed they sometimes feature articles written by experts that explain scientific subjects in plain english as the quality of press coverage of science ranges from excellent to irresponsible use common sense and see how well the source fits the verifiability policy and the general reliable sources guideline curated databases edit some scientific databases can be used as sources in their own right such databases need to have evidence of being a manually curated reviewed i e not fully automated b by more than one expert i e not a pet project of a single individual and c well established i e cited by others this is separate from whether inclusion in such a database is sufficient to support notability other sources edit press releases blogs newsletters advocacy and self help publications and other sources offer a broad spectrum of scientific information ranging from factual to fraudulent with a high percentage being of low quality as much as possible wikipedia articles should cite the literature directly and editors should bear in mind that a particular source may introduce a spin not present in the original paper or present a result not supported by the research conference abstracts are often incomplete and preliminary and may be contradicted if and when the data are published they should be avoided patents and patent applications likewise do not receive the critical review necessary for reliability in this context and should be avoided except when the patent itself is under discussion the united states patent and trademark office has granted perpetual motion patents as recently as this decade personal or group blogs from prominent scientists writing in their field of expertise may be usable when properly attributed nature blogs scienceblogs and discover blogs host many such experts as do more specific portals such as the public outreach and service blogs at the large hadron collider blogs or the more stem policy oriented blog hosted by the american physical society searching for sources edit search engines and academic databases are often used to find sources when searching for sources it is wise to skim read everything available including abstracts of papers you cannot fully access to get a feel for expert opinion on the most important aspects of a topic each system has quirks advantages and disadvantages it typically takes experience to recognize when a search has not been effective even if you find useful sources you may have missed other sources that would have been more useful or you may find large amounts of less than useful material a good strategy for avoiding sole reliance on search engines is to find a few recent high quality sources and follow the citati...