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Text of the page (random words):
e programs neps and other harm reduction programs for pwid 12 the barriers that contribute to rates of needle sharing include the lack of accessibility to clean needles and education about safe needle usage 12 in each respective country government and cultural views towards pwid and neps have an impact on the resources available as demonstrated by studies done in china 13 france 14 vietnam 15 and india 16 within the united states needle sharing behavior is positively correlated to individuals who are of lower socioeconomic status younger than 45 years old male and unemployed 17 the incidence of needle sharing was found to be more prevalent in homosexual and bisexual men compared to women and heterosexual men particularly in minority communities 17 people of a minority race or ethnicity are often at an increased risk of needle sharing possibly due to lower levels of health education 12 safe disposal of needles edit discarding needles in regular household trash bins endangers children pets janitors and waste management services personnel therefore needles should be properly disposed of in a fda cleared sharps container that is both puncture and leak resistant 7 it is important to properly dispose of used needles because it can be difficult to tell if a needle has ever been used before by not disposing of needles in a safe way users may expose others or themselves to a needle stick injury 18 if a sharps container is not available needles can often be brought to local law enforcement hospitals or drug stores for safe collection and disposal in addition needles can be mailed in specialized containers to a mail back program for safe disposal 19 moreover needles can be utilized and disposed of properly in supervised injection sites in the health care setting use of blunt end needles can minimize the risk of needle stick injuries 20 harm reduction edit neps also known as syringe exchange programs seps are a form of harm reduction policy that provide new needles to persons addicted to drugs in exchange for used ones in order to help control the spread of disease 21 in the united states there are three distinct prohibitions on needle exchange programs at the federal level the ryan white care act the substance abuse and mental health services administration samhsa authorization 22 and the 1997 labor health and human services hhs education appropriations legislation however many states still provide the service despite the federal legislation especially in large cities where intravenous drug use is a major health concern a study in new york state found that during the course of 12 months nep prevented roughly 87 infections of hiv by preventing needle sharing in addition nep have decreased the spread of hiv by one third to two fifths 23 one of the other harm reduction measurements in this regard is the supervised injection sites also known as safe injection sites in these facilities drug users have access to new needles and they can use substances under the supervision of staff trained to prevent and treat drug overdose and trained to prevent hiv and hepatitis some of these sites also provide help to their clients to ease their access to drug treatment and other additional social and medical services 24 there are some countries around the world that have already established safe injection sites including australia and canada according to npr since the start of this program in canada in 2013 these sites have supervised over 3 6 million injections and have prevented more than 6 000 overdoses 25 additionally in a cross sectional survey performed in glasgow from 1990 to 1996 the incidence of hepatitis c had significantly decreased with the implementation of safe needle exchanges 26 the progression of supervised injection site implementation is currently not widely accepted due to social stigma lack of government support and health advocacy continued public health education advocacy efforts and further research may help encourage the expansion supervised injection sites 27 see also edit contaminated currency needle and syringe programmes references edit sharing needles to inject drugs and hiv avert 2015 06 23 retrieved 2019 11 14 a b access to clean syringes health impact in 5 years health system transformation ad for policy cdc www cdc gov 2019 07 01 retrieved 2019 11 14 people who inject drugs world health organization retrieved 2017 10 31 helpern m 1977 an epidemic of sorts autopsy the memoirs of milton helpern the world s greatest medical detective new york st martin s press pp 70 71 isbn 978 0 312 06211 8 sharing needles bbc a b health care waste a b safely using sharps needles and syringes at home at work and on travel food and drug administration 2019 06 15 archived from the original on november 9 2011 fu r gutfraind a brandeau ml march 2016 modeling a dynamic bi layer contact network of injection drug users and the spread of blood borne infections mathematical biosciences 273 102 13 doi 10 1016 j mbs 2016 01 003 pmc 5154253 pmid 26775738 a b kaplan eh heimer r 1992 a model based estimate of hiv infectivity via needle sharing journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes 5 11 1116 8 pmid 1403641 platt l minozzi s reed j vickerman p hagan h french c et al september 2017 needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis c transmission in people who inject drugs the cochrane database of systematic reviews 2017 9 cd012021 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd012021 pub2 pmc 5621373 pmid 28922449 fernandes rm cary m duarte g jesus g alarcão j torre c et al april 2017 effectiveness of needle and syringe programmes in people who inject drugs an overview of systematic reviews bmc public health 17 1 309 doi 10 1186 s12889 017 4210 2 pmc 5387338 pmid 28399843 a b c people who inject drugs hiv and aids avert 2015 07 20 retrieved 2017 11 15 chen x zhu l zhou yh liu fl li h yao zh et al august 2016 factors associated with needle sharing among people who inject drugs in yunnan china a combined network and regression analysis infectious diseases of poverty 5 1 73 doi 10 1186 s40249 016 0169 y pmc 4977866 pmid 27502491 guichard a guignard r lert f roy e 2015 risk factors associated with unsafe injection practices at the first injection episode among intravenous drug users in france results from priminject an internet survey journal of addiction 2015 507214 doi 10 1155 2015 507214 pmc 4609460 pmid 26504609 hien nt giang lt binh pn devillé w van ameijden ej wolffers i 2001 risk factors of hiv infection and needle sharing among injecting drug users in ho chi minh city vietnam journal of substance abuse 13 1 2 45 58 doi 10 1016 s0899 3289 01 00059 1 pmid 11547623 chakrapani v newman pa shunmugam m dubrow r may 2011 social structural contexts of needle and syringe sharing behaviours of hiv positive injecting drug users in manipur india a mixed methods investigation harm reduction journal 8 1 9 doi 10 1186 1477 7517 8 9 pmc 3120658 pmid 21569478 a b mandell w vlahov d latkin c oziemkowska m cohn s june 1994 correlates of needle sharing among injection drug users american journal of public health 84 6 920 3 doi 10 2105 ajph 84 6 920 pmc 1614968 pmid 8203687 needle stick injuries paediatrics child health 13 3 211 20 march 2008 doi 10 1093 pch 13 3 211 pmc 2529414 pmid 19252703 community options for safe needle disposal pdf parantainen a verbeek jh lavoie mc pahwa m november 2011 blunt versus sharp suture needles for preventing percutaneous exposure incidents in surgical staff the cochrane database of systematic reviews 2016 11 cd009170 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd009170 pub2 pmc 7387125 pmid 22071864 syringe exchange programs united states 2008 www cdc gov retrieved 2019 11 14 clemons t needle exchange program needle exchange programs promote public safety the issue yes to scs california retrieved 2019 10 24 gordon elana 7 september 2018 what s the evidence that supervised drug injection sites save lives npr org retrieved 2019 10 31 taylor a goldberg d hutchinson s cameron s gore sm mcmenamin j et al march 2000 prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection among injecting drug users in glasgow 1990 1996 are current harm reduction strategies working the journal of infection 40 2 176 83 doi 10 1053 jinf 2000 0647 pmid 10841096 kerr t mitra s kennedy mc mcneil r may 2017 supervised injection facilities in canada past present and future harm reduction journal 14 1 28 doi 10 1186 s12954 017 0154 1 pmc 5437687 pmid 28521829 sources edit needle exchange program faq helpern m march 30 1934 malaria among drug addicts in new york city an epidemic of estivo autumnal and quartan malaria among drug addicts in new york city transmitted by contaminated hypodermic syringes public health reports 49 13 421 doi 10 2307 4581127 jstor 4581127 reprinted as helpern m 1976 malaria among drug addicts in new york city march 30 1934 an epidemic of aestivo autumnal and quartan malaria among drug addicts in new york city transmitted by the use of contaminated hypodermic syringes public health reports 91 5 477 479 pmc 1440553 pmid 19313398 v t e recreational drug use major recreational drugs depressants barbiturates benzodiazepines carbamates ethanol alcohol alcoholic beverage beer wine gabapentinoids ghb inhalants medical nitrous oxide recreational use hazardous solvents contact adhesives gasoline nail polish remover paint thinner other freon kava nonbenzodiazepines quinazolinones quaaludes opioids buprenorphine suboxone subutex codeine lean desomorphine krokodil dextropropoxyphene darvocet darvon fentanyl diamorphine heroin hydrocodone hydromorphone dilaudid methadone mitragyna speciosa kratom morphine opium oxycodone paracetamol tramadol stimulants amphetamine arecoline areca betel caffeine coffee energy drinks tea cathinone khat cocaine coca cocaine paste crack ephedrine ephedra mdpv mephedrone methamphetamine methylone methylphenidate modafinil nicotine polacrilex salt tobacco theobromine cocoa chocolate entactogens 2c series 6 apb 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