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y life and education edit craig was born on august 23 1949 in peoria illinois to mallory john craig a railway executive and doris irene walker a homemaker 12 he was raised in keokuk iowa 13 he attended east peoria community high school from 1963 to 1967 14 where he competed in debate and won the state championship in oratory 15 4 in september 1965 his junior year he became a christian 16 17 18 craig third from left with fellow members of the east peoria high school math club in 1967 after high school craig attended wheaton college where he graduated with a bachelor of arts in communications in 1971 with high honors 19 20 he married his wife jan whom he met on the staff of campus crusade for christ the next year 19 21 they have two grown children and reside in suburban atlanta georgia 21 in 1973 craig entered the program in philosophy of religion at trinity evangelical divinity school north of chicago where he studied under norman geisler 22 23 4 he graduated summa cum laude with two master s degrees a master of arts in the philosophy of religion and a second m a in church history and the history of christian thought 22 20 in 1975 craig began doctoral studies in philosophy at the university of birmingham in england 24 he wrote his doctoral dissertation there on the cosmological argument under the direction of john hick 25 4 he earned his ph d in 1977 26 out of this study came his first book the kalām cosmological argument 1979 a defense of the argument he first encountered in theologian stuart hackett s work on the same topic 4 craig was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship in 1978 from the alexander von humboldt foundation 27 to pursue research on the historicity of the resurrection of jesus under the direction of wolfhart pannenberg at lmu munich in germany 24 27 4 23 he earned a second doctorate a doctor of theology under pannenberg s supervision in 1984 19 4 his second doctoral thesis was titled the historical argument for the resurrection of jesus during the deist controversy 1985 28 29 career edit craig joined the faculty of trinity evangelical divinity school in deerfield illinois in 1980 where he taught philosophy of religion until 1986 30 after a one year stint at westmont college on the outskirts of santa barbara craig moved in 1987 with his wife and two young children back to europe 31 where he was a visiting scholar at the katholieke universiteit leuven louvain in belgium until 1994 31 32 at that time craig joined the department of philosophy and ethics at talbot school of theology in suburban los angeles as a research professor of philosophy a position he currently holds 16 33 34 and he went on to become a professor of philosophy at houston christian university in 2014 33 34 in 2017 biola university created a permanent faculty position and endowed chair the william lane craig endowed chair in philosophy in honor of craig s academic contributions 35 craig served as president of the philosophy of time society from 1999 to 2006 36 37 he helped revitalize the evangelical philosophical society and served as its president from 1996 to 2005 4 in the mid 2000s 38 39 craig established the online christian apologetics ministry reasonablefaith org 33 craig has authored or edited over forty books and over two hundred articles published in professional philosophy and theology journals 20 40 including the journal of philosophy 41 british journal for the philosophy of science 42 philosophy and phenomenological research 43 44 philosophical studies 45 australasian journal of philosophy 46 47 48 49 faith and philosophy 50 erkenntnis 51 52 and american philosophical quarterly 53 philosophical and theological views edit kalam cosmological argument edit see also kalam cosmological argument an illustration of infinite regress craig has written and spoken in defense of a version of the cosmological argument called the kalam cosmological argument a 55 56 while the kalam originated in medieval islamic philosophy craig added appeals to scientific and philosophical ideas in the argument s defense 4 craig s work has resulted in contemporary interest in the argument and in cosmological arguments in general 57 58 59 craig formulates his version of the argument as follows everything that begins to exist has a cause of its existence the universe began to exist therefore the universe has a cause of its existence 54 57 craig s defense of the argument mainly focuses on the second premise 60 61 which he offers several arguments for for example craig appeals to hilbert s example of an infinite hotel to argue that actually infinite collections are impossible and thus the past is finite and has a beginning 62 63 64 in another argument craig says that the series of events in time is formed by a process in which each moment is added to history in succession according to craig this process can never produce an actually infinite collection of events but at best a potentially infinite one on this basis he argues that the past is finite and has a beginning 57 65 66 craig also appeals to various physical theories to support the argument s second premise such as the standard big bang model of cosmic origins and certain implications of the second law of thermodynamics 4 57 62 the kalam argument concludes that the universe had a cause but craig further argues that the cause must be a person 54 first craig argues that the best way to explain the origin of a temporal effect with a beginning from an eternally existing cause is if that cause is a personal agent endowed with free will second the only candidates for a timeless spaceless immaterial being are abstract objects like numbers or unembodied minds but abstract objects are causally effete third craig uses richard swinburne s separation of causal explanation causal explanation can be given in terms either of initial conditions and laws of nature or of a personal agent and its volitions but a first physical state of the universe cannot be explained in terms of initial conditions and natural laws 67 craig s arguments to support the kalam argument have been discussed and debated by a variety of commentators 68 69 including adolf grünbaum 70 quentin smith 71 wes morriston 72 73 graham oppy 74 andrew loke 75 robert c koons 76 and alexander pruss 77 many of these papers are contained in the two volume anthology the kalām cosmological argument 2017 volume 1 covering philosophical arguments for the finitude of the past and volume 2 the scientific evidence for the beginning of the universe 78 79 divine omniscience edit craig is a proponent of molinism an idea first formulated by the jesuit theologian luis de molina according to which god possesses foreknowledge of which free actions each person would perform under every possible circumstance a kind of knowledge that is sometimes termed middle knowledge 80 protestant molinism such as craig s first entered protestant theology through two anti calvinist thinkers jacobus arminius and conrad vorstius 81 molinists such as craig appeal to this idea to reconcile the perceived conflict between god s providence and foreknowledge with human free will the idea is that by relying on middle knowledge god does not interfere with anyone s free will instead choosing which circumstances to actualize given a complete understanding of how people would freely choose to act in response 82 craig also appeals to molinism in his discussions of the inspiration of scripture christian exclusivism the perseverance of the saints and missionary evangelism 83 resurrection of jesus edit craig has written two volumes arguing for the historicity of the resurrection of jesus the historical argument for the resurrection of jesus 1985 9 84 and assessing the new testament evidence for the historicity of the resurrection of jesus 3rd ed 2002 85 86 in the former volume craig describes the history of the discussion including david hume s arguments against the identification of miracles the latter volume is an exegetical study of the new testament material pertinent to the resurrection craig structures his arguments for the historicity of the resurrection under 3 headings 87 the tomb of jesus was found empty by a group of his female followers on the sunday after his crucifixion 88 various individuals and groups experienced appearances of jesus alive after his death the earliest disciples came to believe that god had raised jesus from the dead despite strong predispositions to the contrary craig argues that the best explanation of these three events is a literal resurrection 89 he applies an evaluative framework developed by philosopher of history c behan mccullagh 90 to examine various theoretical explanations proposed for these events from that framework he rejects alternative theories such as gerd lüdemann s hallucination hypothesis the conspiracy hypothesis and heinrich paulus or friedrich schleiermacher s apparent death hypothesis as lacking explanatory scope explanatory power and sufficient historical plausibility 91 92 in 1996 craig participated in the resurrection summit a meeting held at st joseph s seminary new york in order to discuss the resurrection of jesus papers from the summit were later compiled and published in the book the resurrection an interdisciplinary symposium on the resurrection of jesus edited by s t davis d kendall and g o collins 93 philosophy of time edit craig defends a presentist version of the a theory of time according to this theory the present exists but the past and future do not additionally he holds that there are tensed facts such as it is now lunchtime which cannot be reduced to or identified with tenseless facts of the form it is lunchtime at noon on february 10 2020 according to this theory presentness is a real aspect of time and not merely a projection of our thought and talk about time he raises several defenses of this theory two of which are especially notable first he criticizes j m e mctaggart s argument that the a theory is incoherent suggesting that mctaggart s argument begs the question by covertly presupposing the b theory second he defends the a theory from empirical challenges arising from the standard interpretation of einstein s special theory of relativity sr he responds to this challenge by advocating a neo lorentzian interpretation of sr which is empirically equivalent to the standard interpretation and which is consistent with the a theory and with absolute simultaneity craig criticizes the standard interpretation of sr on the grounds that it is based on a discredited positivist epistemology moreover he claims that the assumption of positivism invalidates the appeal to sr made by opponents of the a theory 94 95 96 craig in 2015 divine eternity edit craig argues that god existed in a timeless state causally prior to creation 96 but has existed in a temporal state beginning with creation by virtue of his knowledge of tensed facts and his interactions with events 97 he gives two arguments in support of that view first he says that given his tensed view of time god cannot be timeless once he has created a temporal universe since after that point he is related to time through his interactions and through causing events in time 97 second craig says that as a feature of his omniscience god must know the truth related to tensed facts about the world such as whether the statement today is january 15th is true or not or what is happening right now 95 98 99 100 b divine aseity edit craig has published on the challenge posed by platonism to divine aseity or self existence 102 10 103 craig rejects both the view that god creates abstract objects and that they exist independently of god 104 rather he defends a nominalistic perspective that abstract objects are not ontologically real objects 105 stating that the quine putnam indispensability argument is the chief support of platonism 106 craig criticizes the neo quinean criterion of ontological commitment according to which the existential quantifier of first order logic and singular terms are devices of ontological commitment 107 108 craig favors a neutral interpretation of the quantifiers of first order logic so that a statement can be true even if there is not an object being quantified over moreover he defends a deflationary theory of reference based on the intentionality of agents so that a person can successfully refer to something even in the absence of some extra mental thing craig gives the example of the statement the price of the ticket is ten dollars which he argues can still be a true statement even if there is not an actual object called a price 109 he defines these references as a speech act rather than a word world relation so that singular terms may be used in true sentences without commitment to corresponding objects in the world 110 craig has additionally argued that even if one were to grant that these references were being used as in a word world relation that fictionalism is a viable explanation of their use in particular pretense theory according to which statements about abstract objects are expressions of make believe imagined to be true even if literally false 111 atonement edit in preparation for writing a systematic philosophical theology craig undertook a study of the doctrine of the atonement which resulted in two books the atonement 2019 and atonement and the death of christ 2020 112 historical adam edit also as a preliminary study for his systematic philosophical theology craig explored the biblical commitment to and scientific credibility of an original human pair who were the universal progenitors of mankind 113 following the assyriologist thorkild jacobsen craig argues on the basis of various family resemblances that genesis 1 11 plausibly belongs to the genre of mytho history which aims to recount historical persons and events in the figurative and often fantastic language of myth most recently craig has begun writing a projected multi volume systematic philosophical theology 114 other views edit craig is a critic of metaphysical naturalism 115 new atheism 116 and prosperity theology 117 non primary source needed as well as a defender of reformed epistemology 118 he also states that a confessing christian should not engage in homosexual acts 119 craig maintains that the theory of evolution is compatible with christianity 120 121 non primary source needed he is a fellow of the discovery institute s center for science and culture 122 and was a fellow of the international society for complexity information and design 123 in his debate with paul helm craig explains that he would call himself an arminian in the proper sense 99 elsewhere he has described himself as a wesleyan or wesleyan arminian 124 non primary source needed as a non voluntaristic divine command theorist craig believes god had the moral right to command the killing of the canaanites if they refused to leave their land as depicted in the book of deuteronomy 125 126 127 this has led to some controversy as seen...