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us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 scientific career toggle scientific career subsection 1 1 meteorology 1 2 cycle of erosion theory 1 3 contributions to physical geography and scientific racism 2 legacy 3 works 4 references 5 external links toggle the table of contents william morris davis 36 languages العربية مصرى تۆرکجه български বাংলা català čeština deutsch esperanto español فارسی suomi français galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 кыргызча македонски nederlands polski português русский slovenščina svenska українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча მარგალური 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia american geographer geologist geomorphologist and meteorologist for the pennsylvania congressman see william morris davis congressman william morris davis born 1850 02 12 february 12 1850 philadelphia pennsylvania died february 5 1934 1934 02 05 aged 83 pasadena california known for cycle of erosion peneplains often called the father of american geography relatives edward m davis father maria mott davis mother awards hayden memorial geological award 1917 vega medal 1920 penrose medal 1931 scientific career fields geography geomorphology geology meteorology 1 william morris davis february 12 1850 february 5 1934 was an american geographer geologist geomorphologist and meteorologist often called the father of american geography he was born into a prominent quaker family in philadelphia pennsylvania son of edward m davis and maria mott davis a daughter of the women s advocate lucretia mott davis studied geology and geography at harvard s lawrence scientific school and then joined the harvard sponsored geographic exploration party to the colorado territory led by the inaugural sturgis hooper professor of geology josiah dwight whitney wild stories had circulated since soon after the louisiana purchase about rocky mountains peaks 18 000 feet or higher the harvard expedition set out to investigate and found none but they did find 14ers 14 000 plus feet he graduated from harvard university in 1869 and received a master of mining engineering in the following year 2 davis worked for nathaniel shaler as a field assistant and was later hired to teach at harvard 2 though his legacy lives on in geomorphology he also advanced theories of scientific racism in his writings about physical geography 3 after his first wife died davis married mary m wyman from cambridge massachusetts in 1914 and after her death he married lucy l tennant from milton massachusetts in 1928 who survived him he died in pasadena california shortly before his 84th birthday his cambridge home is a national historic landmark scientific career edit meteorology edit davis initially worked in córdoba argentina as a meteorologist for three years and after working as an assistant to nathaniel shaler he became an instructor in geology at harvard in 1879 the same year he married ellen b warner from springfield massachusetts while davis never completed his phd he was appointed to his first full professorship in 1890 and remained in academia and teaching throughout his life cycle of erosion theory edit davis was a tenacious as well as keen observer of nature a master of logical deduction and a brilliant synthesizer of disparate observations and ideas 4 from his own field observations and studies made by the original nineteenth century surveyors of the western united states he devised his most influential scientific contribution the geographical cycle his theory first defined in his 1889 article the rivers and valleys of pennsylvania 1 which was a model of how rivers erode uplifted land to base level was inspired by the work of erasmus and charles darwin and jean baptiste lamarck and it had a strong evolutionary flavor citation needed his cycle of erosion suggests that larger rivers have three main stages of development generally divided into youthful mature and old age stages 5 each stage has distinct landforms and other properties associated with them which can occur along the length of a river s upper middle and lower course though the cycle of erosion was a crucial early contribution to the development of geomorphology many of davis theories regarding landscape evolution sometimes termed davisian geomorphology were heavily criticized by later geomorphologists when davis retired from harvard in 1911 the study of landscape evolution was nearly monopolized by his theories it was characteristic of davis to react violently and disdainfully to criticism particularly to the german criticism in the 1920s headed by walther penck it was also his characteristic to choose to attack the most vulnerable points of that criticism 6 since that time with a less dogmatic approach and greater knowledge some authors note that penck s and davis ideas have become more compatible and even complementary since the advent of modern tectonic theory they claim that davis ideas are more applicable near active margins where tectonics are cataclysmic and penck s ideas fit better in models of passive margins and continental platforms 7 contributions to physical geography and scientific racism edit davis was elected to the american academy of arts and sciences in 1884 and the american philosophical society in 1899 8 9 he was a founder of the association of american geographers in 1904 elected to the united states national academy of sciences that same year and heavily involved with the national geographic society in its early years writing a number of articles for the magazine 10 davis retired from harvard in 1911 he served as president of the geological society of america in 1911 11 12 he was awarded the patron s medal of the royal geographical society in 1919 13 his textbook elementary physical geography 1902 includes a chapter entitled the distribution of plants animals and man in which davis details how the physical geography of landscapes influences the progress of man from the savage toward the civilized state davis concludes that the leading nations of the european race are the most advanced peoples in the world and few nations among black brown and red races have made important advances towards civilization 14 this textbook chapter exemplifies how davis promulgated theories of scientific racism and was likely influenced by mentor and colleague nathaniel shaler who published similar views on the subject davis borrowed from darwinian biological concepts and applied these to physical landscapes and climates in a type of social darwinistic thought termed environmental determinism his work influenced geographer and writer elsworth huntington a student of davis at harvard who attempted to explain differences in human culture by climate and geography for example comparing communities of british descent in canada and the bahamas and suggesting that anglo bahamians are slower because of climate and proximity to black people 3 legacy edit the valley of davisdalen in nathorst land at spitsbergen svalbard is named after him 15 works edit books elementary meteorology boston ginn company 1893 elementary physical geography boston ginn company 1902 geographical essays boston ginn company 1909 articles geographic methods in geologic investigations national geographic magazine 1 pp 11 26 1888 the rivers and valleys of pennsylvania national geographic magazine 1 pp 183 253 1889 the geographical cycle geographical journal vol 14 pp 481 504 1899 accessible from jstor the physical geography of the lands popular science monthly 2 pp 157 170 1900 references edit 1 2 pruyne john jon t kilpinen 1996 11 02 william morris davis valparaiso university department of geography and meteorology archived from the original on 2010 08 28 retrieved 2010 08 18 davis contributions cover the separate fields of geography geology and meteorology 1 2 koch philip 7 september 2018 william morris davis brief live of a pioneering geomorphologist 1850 1934 harvard magazine harvard retrieved 16 september 2018 1 2 frazier john w 2019 05 20 race and place equity issues in urban america routledge isbn 9780429977510 koch philip 7 september 2018 william morris davis brief live of a pioneering geomorphologist 1850 1934 harvard magazine harvard retrieved 16 september 2018 robert l bates julia a jackson ed dictionary of geological terms third edition p 125 1984 american geological institute chorley et al 2005 p 519 saadi allaoua 2013 modelos morfogenéticos e tectônica global reflexőes conciliatórias geonomos in portuguese 6 2 55 63 archived from the original on 2014 09 10 retrieved 2014 12 22 william morris davis american academy of arts sciences 2023 02 09 retrieved 2024 02 07 aps member history search amphilsoc org retrieved 2024 02 07 william m davis www nasonline org retrieved 2024 02 07 fairchild herman leroy 1932 the geological society of america 1888 1930 a chapter in earth science history new york the geological society of america 232 p eckel edwin 1982 gsa memoir 155 the geological society of america life history of a learned society boulder colorado geological society of america memoir 155 168 p isbn 0 8137 1155 x list of past gold medal winners pdf royal geographical society retrieved 24 august 2015 davis william morris 1902 elementary physical geography boston ginn davisdalen svalbard norwegian polar institute retrieved 24 february 2015 external links edit english wikisource has original works by or about william morris davis stages in the fluvial cycle of erosion illus national academy of sciences biographical memoir works by or about william morris davis at the internet archive works by william morris davis at librivox public domain audiobooks v t e presidents of the geological society of america 1889 1900 james hall 1889 james dwight dana 1890 alexander winchell 1891 grove karl gilbert 1892 john william dawson 1893 thomas chrowder chamberlin 1894 nathaniel shaler 1895 joseph leconte 1896 edward orton sr 1897 j j stevenson 1898 benjamin kendall emerson 1899 george mercer dawson 1900 1901 1925 charles doolittle walcott 1901 newton horace winchell 1902 samuel franklin emmons 1903 john casper branner 1904 raphael pumpelly 1905 israel russell 1906 charles r van hise 1907 samuel calvin 1908 grove karl gilbert 1909 arnold hague 1910 william morris davis 1911 herman leroy fairchild 1912 eugene allen smith 1913 george ferdinand becker 1914 arthur philemon coleman 1915 john m clarke 1916 frank dawson adams 1917 charles whitman cross 1918 john campbell merriam 1919 israel c white 1920 james furman kemp 1921 charles schuchert 1922 david white 1923 waldemar lindgren 1924 william berryman scott 1925 1926 1950 andrew lawson 1926 arthur keith 1927 bailey willis 1928 heinrich ries 1929 r a f penrose jr 1930 alfred church lane 1931 reginald aldworth daly 1932 charles kenneth leith 1933 william henry collins 1934 nevin m fenneman 1935 walter curran mendenhall 1936 charles palache 1937 arthur louis day 1938 t wayland vaughan 1939 eliot blackwelder 1940 charles p berkey 1941 douglas w johnson 1942 e l bruce 1943 adolph knopf 1944 edward w berry 1945 norman l bowen 1946 arville irving levorsen 1947 james gilluly 1948 chester r longwell 1949 william walden rubey 1950 1951 1975 chester stock 1951 thomas s lovering 1952 wendell p woodring 1953 ernst cloos 1954 walter hermann bucher 1955 george sherwood hume 1956 richard j russell 1957 raymond cecil moore 1958 marland p billings 1959 hollis dow hedberg 1960 thomas brennan nolan 1961 m king hubbert 1962 harry hammond hess 1963 francis birch 1964 wilmot hyde bradley 1965 robert legget 1966 konrad bates krauskopf 1967 ian campbell 1968 morgan j davis 1969 john rodgers 1970 richard h jahns 1971 luna leopold 1972 john c maxwell 1973 clarence allen 1974 julian goldsmith 1975 1976 2000 robert folinsbee 1976 charles l drake 1977 peter t flawn 1978 leon silver 1979 laurence l sloss 1980 howard r gould 1981 digby mclaren 1982 paul a bailly 1983 m gordon wolman 1984 brian j skinner 1985 w g ernst 1986 jack oliver 1987 albert w bally 1988 randolph bromery 1989 raymond a price 1990 doris malkin curtis 1991 e an zen 1992 robert d hatcher jr 1993 william r dickinson 1994 david a stephenson 1995 eldridge m moores 1996 george a thompson 1997 victor r baker 1998 gail m ashley 1999 mary lou zoback 2000 2001 sharon mosher 2001 anthony j naldrett 2002 b clark burchfiel 2003 rob van der voo 2004 william a thomas 2005 stephen g wells 2006 john m sharp 2007 judith totman parrish 2008 jean m bahr 2009 joaquin ruiz 2010 john geissman 2011 george h davis 2012 suzanne mahlburg kay 2013 harry mcsween 2014 jonathan price 2015 claudia mora 2016 isabel p montañez 2017 robbie gries 2018 donald i siegel 2019 j douglas walker 2020 geology portal authority control databases international isni viaf gnd fast worldcat national united states france bnf data japan italy czech republic netherlands norway greece sweden israel catalonia academics cinii artists ulan scientific illustrators people trove deutsche biographie ddb other idref open library nara yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title william_morris_davis oldid 1366968245 categories 1850 births 1934 deaths american geographers american meteorologists american geomorphologists american male writers harvard university alumni scientists from pasadena california scientists from philadelphia penrose medal winners recipients of the cullum geographical medal fellows of the american academy of arts and sciences members of the french academy of sciences members of the lincean academy members of the norwegian academy of science and letters members of the prussian academy of sciences members of the royal danish academy of sciences and letters members of the royal swedish academy of sciences members of the united states national academy of sciences presidents of the american association of geographers presidents of the geological society of america members of the american philosophical society hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles with hcards all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from march 2025 cs1 portuguese language sources pt articles with internet archive links articles with librivox links this page was last edited on 31 july 2026 at 03 17 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution 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