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read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 62 18 10 n 21 39 39 e 62 30278 n 21 66083 e 62 30278 21 66083 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from wolf cave cave and archaeological site in finland susiluola varggrottan swedish the entrance to the wolf cave location in finland interactive map of susiluola 62 18 10 n 21 39 39 e 62 30278 n 21 66083 e 62 30278 21 66083 type limestone periods paleolithic cultures mousterian associated with neanderthal location kristinestad region kristinestad municipality in finland site notes length 25 m 82 02 ft area 400 m 2 4 305 56 sq ft excavation dates 1997 to 2000 2004 susiluola swedish varggrottan wolf cave is a crack in the pyhävuori hill swedish bötombergen at the border of kristinestad and karijoki municipalities in finland the upper part of the crack forms a cave that was until recently packed with soil in 1996 some objects were found here that brought about speculations that it could have been inhabited in the paleolithic between 120 000 and 130 000 years ago these objects if authentic would be the only known neanderthal artifacts in the nordic countries 1 excavation history edit in 1996 plans were made to empty the cave of soil and turn it into a tourist attraction but during the process stone objects that might have been created by humans were found and the work to empty the cave was halted in 1997 an excavation of the cave was begun as a collaboration between the national board of antiquities the geological survey of finland the department of geology of the university of helsinki and the finnish museum of natural history this excavation lasted until 2000 and was focused on determining the age of the materials finding out if similar items could be found elsewhere in europe and reconstructing the prehistoric surroundings the results were presented in a 2002 report citation needed work was interrupted in 2001 because of the risk that the cave was about to collapse in part as a result of the excavation itself but the cave was stabilized in 2002 and a protecting wire netting of steel was set up to prevent chips of stone from falling in 2003 a follow up was carried out and in 2004 the national board of antiquities received funds to start a three year research project work began again later that year and in the following years excavations took place in the early summer each year 2 findings edit after eight summers of digging about 200 artifacts some 600 pieces of strike waste scrapers and bolt stone and heated stones from an open fire have been found the objects are made of various materials including siltstone quartz quartzite volcanic rock jasper and sandstone as siltstone and quartzite do not occur naturally in the area at least some of these must have come from elsewhere the ground in susiluola consists of at least eight layers of which the fourth and the fifth are the geologically and archeologically most interesting the stone material that has been found appears to have been worked with several different techniques tools of stone with good processing structure such as fine grained quartzite and red siltstone have been worked in a way that is typical of the middle paleolithic and probably of the mousterian type while quartz other quartzite and sandstone have been worked with the earlier clactonian technique large quantities of bones from mammals and their prey have also been found mostly in the upper layers of the cave though it is not certain that any of the bone material dates from before the last ice age 2 criticism edit there is disagreement as to whether neanderthals actually settled in the cave in 2006 joakim donner professor emeritus in geology and paleontology published in the journal tieteessä tapahtuu criticisms of the idea that the materials found in the cave were created by humans donner claims not only that stones from susiluola are not similar to neanderthal objects found in france but also that the cave was located under water during the time period in question and that there is no proof that fire was made there 3 hans peter schulz of the national board of antiquities has defended the findings saying that it is very possible that the cave was situated above water level at the time and that soot from the fireplace that has been found is over 40 000 years old and cannot have come from outside the cave the justification that the pieces of stone found in the cave are actually products of human beings is according to schulz that the objects have been exposed to a rapid and aimed blow leaving a surface that does not look similar to one that has been exposed to exogenous processes but does resemble those of man made objects from the paleolithic found in central europe 4 the debate was widely reported in the press 5 in 2007 several critical papers from finnish geologists and archaeologists were published in the archaeological journal fennoscandia archaeologica vol xxiv the authors in question were not convinced that the finds and features found in the cave are man made debate continued until 2016 6 after which the site fell out of mainstream academic discussion references edit wolf cave susiluola fi retrieved 4 january 2017 1 2 wolf cave varggrottan susiluola in finland occupied by neanderthal man 130 000 bp sydaby eget retrieved 4 january 2017 donner joakim 1 january 2006 susiluola kivet eivät ole ihmisen muovaamia tieteessä tapahtuu in finnish 24 8 retrieved 5 may 2017 schulz hans peter susiluola keskustelu vastaus matiskaiselle pdf www tieteessatapahtuu fi in finnish tieteessä tapahtuu archived from the original pdf on 30 october 2005 retrieved 5 may 2017 väite susiluolan esineiden alkuperästä horjuttaa koko museoviraston arvovaltaa turun sanomat in finnish turun sanomat 13 december 2006 retrieved 5 may 2017 pohjanmaan neandertalilaisten arvoitus yhä auki kiistellyn susiluolan kaivaukset vaatisivat rahaa in finnish ilta sanomat 3 september 2016 retrieved 9 november 2016 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to susiluola susiluola national museum finland in finnish susiluola national board of antiquities in finnish ennen meitä suomessa asui neandertalinihmisiä vai asuiko helsingin sanomat 2012 in finnish v t e prehistoric cave sites rock shelters and cave paintings paleoanthropological sites cave paintings caves containing pictograms europe austria drachenhöhle gudenus lurgrotte salzofen tischofer belgium belle roche claminforge engis goyet naulette neolithic flint mines of spiennes ramioul scladina spy trou de l abîme bosnia badanj ledenjača bulgaria bacho kiro devetashka kozarnika magura utroba cave croatia grapčeva krapina vela spila vindija romuald s cave velika peć veternica cyprus aetokremnos czech republic amatérská býčí skála koněprusy kůlna mladeč šipka finland wolf france vézère valley world heritage site bara bahau bernifal cap blanc castel merle abri castanet reverdit les eyzies de tayac sireuil abri audi abri chadourne les combarelles cro magnon font de gaume laugerie basse laugerie haute la micoque la mouthe pataud abri du poisson lascaux la madeleine rouffignac other world heritage sites chauvet other caves with decoration arcy sur cure gargas cosquer cussac fontéchevade la chaire a calvin la marche lombrives grotte de gabillou marsoulas mas d azil mayrières supérieure niaux pair non pair pech merle roc aux sorciers renne trois frères villars other caves arago aurignac azé balauzière bonne femme bouillon bruniquel calès cauna la chapelle aux saints combe grenal la ferrassie fées fontbrégoua lazaret le moustier noisetier la quina raymonden le regourdou rochereil vallonnet germany caves and ice age art in the swabian jura world heritage site bockstein geissenklösterle hohle fels hohlenstein stadel sirgenstein vogelherd other caves baumann s brillenhöhle kleine feldhofer lichtenstein ofnet gibraltar devil s tower gorham s vanguard greece alepotrypa apidima asphendou eileithyia franchthi kleidi megalakkos petralona stravomyti theopetra hungary baradla szelim italy addaura arene candide balzi rossi cavallo corbeddu deer felci paglicci romito villabruna jersey st brelade kosovo bukuroshja e fjetur luxembourg loschbur malta għar dalam north macedonia cocev kamen norway svarthola poland obłazowa paradise portugal aroeira escoural furninha lagar velho pala pinta pedra furada pego do diabo salemas romania coliboaia cuciulat muierilor oase russia akhshtyrskaya chertovy vorota denisova ignatievka shulgan tash world heritage site mezmaiskaya okladnikov serbia hadži prodan s pešturina risovača mala balanica and velika balanica slovakia čertova pec domica jasovská slovenia betal divje babe pekel potok spain cave of altamira and paleolithic cave art of northern spain world heritage site altamira caves in cantabria chufín covalanas la garma hornos de la peña monte castillo el castillo las chimeneas las monedas la pasiega el pendo tito bustillo altxerri santimamiñe los aviones rock art of the iberian mediterranean basin world heritage site araña roca dels moros other world heritage sites atapuerca siega verde other caves with decoration bacinete barranc del migdia las caldas los casares maltravieso los murciélagos nerja niño ojo guareña peñas de cabrera la pileta praileaitz sidrón other caves ángel antón armintxe axlor bedmar dels bous don gaspar guanches el mirón santa catalina del valle switzerland bichon cotencher kesslerloch schweizersbild wildenmannlisloch wildkirchli ukraine verteba united kingdom aveline s hole bontnewydd cathole coygan creswell crags gough s heathery burn high pasture kendrick s kents long hole marble arch oldbury portbraddon red lady of paviland sand thor s windmill hill asia afghanistan darra e kur armenia areni 1 azerbaijan allar azykh buzeyir damjili tağlar zar gazma cambodia laang spean china baishiya fuyan guanyindong luobi tianyuan xianren yuchanyan zhoukoudian zengpiyan zhiren east timor jerimalai laili lene hara georgia satsurblia india ambadevi belum bhimbetka edakkal gudiyam pahargarh tikla indonesia harimau jeriji saléh liang bua pettakere iran bisitun darband do ashkaft eshkaft e siahoo huto and kamarband qaleh bozi warwasi wezmeh yafteh iraq hazar merd shanidar israel amud hayonim kebara manot misliya nahal me arot el wad jamal skhul tabun nahal hemar nahal oren qafzeh qesem raqefet zuttiyeh japan kosegasawa minatogawa muroya ōzakai pinza abu shiraho saonetabaru tobayama yamashita jordan iraq ed dubb laos tham an mah tam pa ling lebanon antelias jeita kaukaba ksar akil ras baalbek i ras el kelb nachcharini malaysia niah mongolia khoit tsenkher myanmar padah lin pakistan sanghao palestine shuqba philippines callao guyangan kalanay minori lapuz lapuz tabon sri lanka batadombalena belilena fa hien hunugalagala thailand pha taem banyan valley spirit steep cliff tham lod turkmenistan dzhebel turkey belbaşı karain yarımburgaz uzbekistan obi rakhmat teshik tash vietnam con moong ngườm africa algeria gueldaman botswana tsodilo manyana rock paintings cameroon shum laka dr congo matupi egypt beasts swimmers kenya enkapune ya muto njoro river lesotho liphofung libya haua fteah uan muhuggiag morocco hercules ifri n ammar ifri n amr ou moussa ifri oudadane jebel irhoud kelif el boroud taforalt mozambique ngalue namibia apollo 11 the white lady nigeria rop somaliland dhambalin dhaymoole laas geel south africa cradle of humankind world heritage site bolt s farm cooper s drimolen gladysvale gondolin haasgat kromdraai makapansgat malapa minnaar s motsetsi plovers lake rising star sterkfontein swartkrans other caves blombos border boomplaas byneskranskop cango diepkloof elands bay howieson s poort klasies river melkhoutboom nelson bay pinnacle point sibudu stadsaal wonderwerk tanzania kondoa bahi mumba uganda nyero zambia kalemba mumbwa zimbabwe bambata north and south america argentina cueva de las manos aruba quadiriki belize actun tunichil muknal barton creek midnight terror brazil gentio maquiné pedra pintada peruaçu rei do mato santo toca da tira peia canada bluefish charlie lake chile fell milodón colombia el abra chiribiquete piedras del tunjo sáchica tequendama tibitó cuba ambrosio calero centella cura patana pluma curaçao hato dominican republic pomier jamaica long mile mexico chan hol coxcatlan dzibilchaltún las flechas frightful guilá naquitz ox bel ha oxtotitlán sac actun peru chivateros guitarrero pikimachay qillqatani toquepala t uqu t uquyuq suriname werehpai united states arnold research baker bonfire bull thistle burnet cherry creek colorado millennial danger daugherty s dry creek durango dust dutchess quarry fort rock franktown gatecliff graham hidden hidden valley hogup humboldt la grange last supper levi lodaiska lovelock mammoth mantle s marmes martz meadowcroft modoc mummy on your knees paisley pendejo pictograph rockhouse cliffs russell sandia shoup sisyphus stanfield worley tainter tomaquag trail creek trinchera ventana wilson butte oceania australia abrakurrie acheron ballawinne beeton shelter beginner s luck blanche bone burrup cave bay cliefden cloggs devil s lair eagles reach fossil gabarnmung gwion gwion jenolan koongine koonalda kutikina mackintosh 90 1 madjedbebe mammoth mannalargenna mudgegonga murrawijinie murujuga naracoorte new guinea ii nunamira ors 7 tarragal ubirr wargata mina warratyi warreen wellington guam gadao s mahlac talagi hawaii makauwahi new caledonia pindai new zealand moncks ruakuri northern mariana islands chugai papua new guinea kilu samoa falemauga tuvalu nanumanga cave list of caves cave painting list of stone age art speleology v t e finland articles history prehistory finland under swedish rule cudgel war great northern war the great 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