Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

copper, pressure, processes, silicate, oil, process, wood, history, arsenate, cca, other, sodium, spray, natural, and, non, treatments, preservation, contents, hazards, chemical, application, see, also, references, external, links, micronized, naphthenate, chromated, compounds, borate, pti, potassium, bifenthrin, fire, retardant, treated, borne, emulsions, epoxy, new, technologies, introduction, incising, microwaving, charring, miscellaneous, alkaline, quaternary, azole, coal, tar, creosote, linseed, light, organic, solvent, preservatives, losp, biological, modified, timber, acetylation, of, plating, naturally, rot, resistant, woods, extractives, tung, heat, mud, treatment, brush, dipping, steeping, kyanizing, gedrian, bath, preservative, precipitation, full, cell, fluctuation, boucherie, high, sap, displacement, system,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (495), and (294), wood (263), for (112), with (103), are (87), copper (82), #timber (71), preservative (69), this (61), edit (59), from (58), treatment (57), #treated (55), used (51), use (50), pressure (48), that (46), process (45), preservatives (36), has (33), not (33), cca (30), processes (30), which (29), been (28), can (28), have (27), into (27), such (27), these (27), was (26), also (26), products (24), other (23), water (23), retrieved (22), doi (22), may (21), applications (21), preservation (20), non (20), oil (20), but (20), under (19), natural (19), protection (19), chemical (19), resistant (19), archived (18), ground (18), more (18), creosote (18), plane (17), most (17), contact (16), treatments (16), awpa (16), based (16), there (16), they (16), using (15), international (15), building (15), applied (15), where (15), its (15), than (15), species (15), all (14), fire (14), compounds (14), environmental (13), should (13), acetylation (13), pdf (13), impregnation (13), australia (13), developed (13), during (13), naphthenate (13), many (13), pti (13), azole (13), lumber (12), properties (12), decay (12), 2015 (12), general (12), new (12), method (12), europe (12), penetration (12), solution (12), march (11), pine (11), original (11), united (11), residential (11), some (11), still (11), industrial (11), acq (11), safety (10), structural (10), green (10), american (10), heat (10), tar (10), sodium (10), silicate (10), arsenate (10), organic (10), durability (10), borate (10), protect (10), material (10), epa (10), achieved (10), like (10), however (10), retention (10), life (10), longer (10), both (10), above (10), years (10), association (9), modification (9), issn (9), production (9), application (9), effective (9), extractives (9), first (9), product (9), rot (9), resistance (9), industry (9), common (9), moisture (9), today (9), chemicals (9), states (9), will (9), posts (9), spray (9), certain (9), construction (8), woods (8), history (8), ties (8), arsenic (8), 2018 (8), 2017 (8), technologies (8), review (8), high (8), against (8), attack (8), required (8), incising (8), since (8), standard (8), poles (8), cell (8), known (8), treating (8), when (8), bath (8), long (8), one (8), their (8), biological (8), wikipedia (7), available (7), machine (7), red (7), railroad (7), temperature (7), heartwood (7), bibcode (7), performance (7), materials (7), present (7), coatings (7), class (7), zinc (7), chromated (7), then (7), tree (7), system (7), through (7), after (7), possible (7), solvent (7), commonly (7), commercial (7), similar (7), generally (7), less (7), levels (7), well (7), retardant (7), particles (7), wayback (6), links (6), national (6), carving (6), miter (6), clamp (6), spruce (6), fir (6), log (6), bamboo (6), acid (6), standards (6), 2016 (6), technology (6), journal (6), pmid (6), environmentally (6), naturally (6), durable (6), 2012 (6), september (6), methods (6), components (6), timbersil (6), quaternary (6), waste (6), recent (6), research (6), surfaces (6), insect (6), hot (6), america (6), often (6), those (6), made (6), usually (6), various (6), practice (6), over (6), sap (6), modified (6), boucherie (6), timbers (6), sapwood (6), out (6), only (6), full (6), changes (6), vacuum (6), higher (6), light (6), because (6), 19th (6), century (6), two (6), cells (6), result (6), very (6), steeping (6), due (6), low (6), borne (6), were (6), cost (6), main (6), although (6), even (6), metal (6), free (6), exposed (6), systems (6), service (6), concerns (6), micronized (6), toggle (5), code (5), site (5), page (5), articles (5), drying (5), paint (5), surface (5), fence (5), board (5), cross (5), totara (5), australian (5), douglas (5), liquid (5), utility (5), science (5), s2cid (5), world (5), mechanical (5), potassium (5), 2008 (5), antimicrobial (5), july (5), associated (5), market (5), envelope (5), limited (5), food (5), pesticides (5), impregnated (5), termites (5), results (5), zealand (5), brush (5), charring (5), called (5), north (5), widespread (5), necessary (5), significantly (5), costs (5), patented (5), consists (5), before (5), place (5), between (5), within (5), solutions (5), losp (5), lower (5), cases (5), better (5), baths (5), cold (5), layer (5), dipping (5), brushing (5), coal (5), modern (5), being (5), mud (5), insects (5), widely (5), while (5), soil (5), improve (5), including (5), hulls (5), now (5), sold (5), toxic (5), recommended (5), began (5), trade (5), agricultural (5), does (5), public (5), structures (5), biocide (5), hazards (5), add (4), contents (4), search (4), commons (4), last (4), cs1 (4), maint (4), 2014 (4), short (4), category (4), woodworking (4), frame (4), combination (4), impact (4), tools (4), laminated (4), engineered (4), cedar (4), carpentry (4), wooden (4), black (4), nano (4), information (4), agency (4), toxicity (4), john (4), mantanis (4), 010 (4), 1007 (4), munir (4), belloncle (4), irle (4), federighi (4), 2003 (4), color (4), potential (4), 1016 (4), salt (4), termite (4), pmc (4), 3390 (4), bio (4), stable (4), ammonium (4), factors (4), effects (4), environment (4), apvma (4), heavy (4), steel (4), grain (4), japan (4), adopted (4), depths (4), larger (4), incisions (4), type (4), day (4), large (4), along (4), holes (4), uniform (4), number (4), oils (4), end (4), few (4), takes (4), found (4), trees (4), equipment (4), period (4), salts (4), strength (4), patent (4), described (4), cylinders (4), around (4), preserving (4), reaction (4), commercialization (4), seasoned (4), time (4), depending (4), kyan (4), content (4), minimal (4), several (4), suitable (4), provide (4), determined (4), introduced (4), effectively (4), introduction (4), netherlands (4), reduce (4), amount (4), article (4), different (4), ship (4), huon (4), marine (4), preserve (4), formulations (4), acetylated (4), groups (4), include (4), physical (4), insecticide (4), bifenthrin (4), untreated (4), pentachlorophenol (4), names (4), safe (4), appearance (4), approved (4), require (4), leaching (4), alkaline (4), wolmanized (4), field (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), table (3), view (3), about (3), registered (3), categories (3), copy (3), title (3), minor (3), problems (3), org (3), authority (3), control (3), techniques (3), sawing (3), chainsaw (3), wax (3), thermal (3), hammer (3), veneer (3), hand (3), saw (3), flooring (3), framing (3), particle (3), oak (3), merbau (3), kauri (3), forestry (3), yakisugi (3), forest (3), dry (3), distillation (3), see (3), fuel (3), pole (3), aluminum (3), resources (3), pesticide (3), external (3), off (3), corrosion (3), handbook (3), 2011 (3), springer (3), 2023 (3), dimensional (3), stability (3), january (3), extracts (3), december (3), 2013 (3), hinokitiol (3), muhammad (3), tanveer (3), pailhories (3), hélène (3), eveillard (3), matthieu (3), mark (3), aviat (3), florence (3), michel (3), christophe (3), 2020 (3), antibiotics (3), link (3), cite (3), western (3), peter (3), george (3), paints (3), 2010 (3), chemistry (3), esters (3), derived (3), soluble (3), biodegradation (3), oxide (3), department (3), report (3), 2004 (3), kartal (3), slowly (3), incision (3), vary (3), spread (3), making (3), deeper (3), sawed (3), useful (3), cylinder (3), displacement (3), onto (3), waterborne (3), thus (3), days (3), little (3), impregnate (3), state (3), 1838 (3), leaves (3), drawn (3), fluctuation (3), exceed (3), chloride (3), bethell (3), burnett (3), white (3), permanent (3), absorption (3), further (3), conditions (3), scale (3), special (3), addition (3), repeated (3), precipitation (3), canada (3), cycle (3), ranges (3), periods (3), kyanizing (3), soak (3), three (3), left (3), least (3), requires (3), unless (3), term (3), numerous (3), existing (3), specific (3), internal (3), beyond (3), soils (3), furniture (3), weather (3), heating (3), form (3), below (3), tung (3), another (3), concentrations (3), growth (3), specialty (3), commercially (3), times (3), decks (3), european (3), though (3), plating (3), metallic (3), did (3), come (3), company (3), facilities (3), types (3), hydroxyl (3), acetic (3), any (3), contains (3), especially (3), technique (3), order (3), certification (3), alcohol (3), growing (3), epoxy (3), losps (3), permethrin (3), propiconazole (3), tebuconazole (3), treat (3), section (3), major (3), elsewhere (3), linseed (3), originally (3), consumer (3), flame (3), marketed (3), boron (3), currently (3), stabilizer (3), health (3), leached (3), fungal (3), borates (3), study (3), exposure (3), increasing (3), fungicide (3), chromium (3), consumers (3), read (3), containing (3), federal (3), licensing (3), instead (3), quat (3), particulate (3), uses (3), msds (3), subsection (3), languages (2), privacy (2), policy (2), additional (2), terms (2), apply (2), wikimedia (2), inc (2), august (2), 2026 (2), location (2), missing (2), publisher (2), unsourced (2), statements (2), pov (2), description (2), wikidata (2), engineering (2), wikiproject (2), panel (2), splitting (2), whipsaw (2), society (2), federation (2), workers (2), stain (2), varnish (2), bending (2), parquetry (2), marquetry (2), intarsia (2), chamfer (2), groove (2), rebate (2), tenon (2), finger (2), coping (2), box (2), router (2), jointer (2), japanese (2), compass (2), bow (2), thickness (2), speed (2), hardness (2), test (2), axe (2), plastic (2), composite (2), plywood (2), mdf (2), hardboard (2), teak (2), african (2), eucalyptus (2), blackwood (2), birch (2), hard (2), larch (2), cypress (2), soft (2), turning (2), shingle (2), processing (2), reclaimed (2), split (2), sawdust (2), lignin (2), cellulose (2), paper (2), fiberboard (2), fibers (2), oriented (2), strand (2), joist (2), parallel (2), truss (2), siding (2), post (2), plate (2), house (2), beam (2), miscellaneous (2), case (2), studies (2), 2007 (2), february (2), grid (2), walford (2), uhlig (2), sandberg (2), kutnar (2), 908 (2), 3832 (2), ifor2380 (2), 895 (2), iforest (2), 978 (2), 030 (2), isbn (2), 2019 (2), poultry (2), 1515 (2), holzforschung (2), costa (2), 142 (2), william (2), benign (2), biocidal (2), extract (2), 535 (2), 32847132 (2), 7558063 (2), antibiotics9090535 (2), experimental (2), parameters (2), influence (2), observed (2), response (2), quercus (2), petraea (2), kingdom (2), s00226 (2), 011 (2), singh (2), characteristics (2), 2021 (2), bottom (2), 1961 (2), 2024 (2), april (2), bioresources (2), dimensionally (2), presented (2), rowell (2), june (2), forests (2), billion (2), 2027 (2), alleged (2), investigation (2), lawsuit (2), action (2), com (2), carr (2), jenny (2), duggan (2), humphrey (2), david (2), platts (2), james (2), tyndall (2), edward (2), 1071 (2), arylspiroborate (2), 2005 (2), protectants (2), outdoor (2), sized (2), pinus (2), rural (2), affairs (2), 2006 (2), veterinary (2), medicines (2), icc (2), council (2), fpl (2), agriculture (2), alternatives (2), services (2), scs (2), preferable (2), nanocompounds (2), elsevier (2), 0964 (2), 8305 (2), ibiod (2), 140 (2), biodeterioration (2), nami (2), clausen (2), leach (2), 2009 (2), nanometals (2), affect (2), fungi (2), richardson (2), references (2), dust (2), metals (2), weathering (2), across (2), loose (2), traditional (2), alternative (2), area (2), university (2), microwaving (2), smaller (2), dimensions (2), become (2), considered (2), error (2), laser (2), needles (2), each (2), year (2), unfortunately (2), areas (2), shown (2), maximum (2), sufficient (2), four (2), radial (2), 079 (2), 1911 (2), obtained (2), produced (2), abbreviated (2), cap (2), engine (2), placed (2), stump (2), freshly (2), cut (2), elevated (2), covering (2), caps (2), container (2), tend (2), penetrate (2), manner (2), usage (2), countries (2), hawaii (2), france (2), consisted (2), attaching (2), bark (2), seconds (2), claims (2), best (2), specialized (2), therefore (2), much (2), leaving (2), concentration (2), employed (2), basis (2), applying (2), closed (2), spirit (2), carrier (2), carried (2), advantages (2), controlled (2), adapted (2), disadvantages (2), throughout (2), same (2), frequently (2), excess (2), involves (2), reacts (2), discontinued (2), immersing (2), successive (2), changed (2), created (2), occurs (2), significant (2), hours (2), average (2), finds (2), 230 (2), gedrian (2), depth (2), somewhat (2), decreases (2), removed (2), tank (2), continue (2), reach (2), great (2), allowed (2), receive (2), directly (2), level (2), minutes (2), spraying (2), quantities (2), developments (2), coats (2), until (2), coat (2), dried (2), soaked (2), primarily (2), involve (2), means (2), variety (2), bored (2), revolution (2), sleepers (2), early (2), ensure (2), without (2), always (2), bacterial (2), buried (2), help (2), them (2), build (2), walls (2), clay (2), vietnam (2), rate (2), pests (2), typically (2), could (2), vapour (2), increase (2), specifically (2), modulus (2), cause (2), upon (2), cladding (2), expected (2), volatile (2), make (2), ships (2), penetrates (2), thin (2), makes (2), substances (2), responsible (2), act (2), studied (2), proposed (2), tannins (2), polyphenols (2), extremely (2), ago (2), decking (2), too (2), good (2), eastern (2), locust (2), coast (2), redwood (2), mined (2), ancient (2), puriri (2), ironbark (2), mainly (2), providing (2), repellent (2), measure (2), reason (2), easily (2), filed (2), stamm (2), tarkow (2), published (2), name (2), done (2), swelling (2), hydroxyls (2), comes (2), absorb (2), benefits (2), extended (2), issues (2), anhydride (2), structure (2), why (2), initiates (2), sites (2), reasons (2), bridge (2), biopolymers (2), resins (2), creates (2), manufactured (2), furfuryl (2), fast (2), softwood (2), polymer (2), particularly (2), strong (2), nobelwood (2), voc (2), compound (2), formulation (2), emulsions (2), outer (2), manufacturers (2), blue (2), dye (2), colored (2), ongoing (2), importance (2), virtually (2), penta (2), nexgen (2), agent (2), provides (2), surrounding (2), remains (2), environments (2), plant (2), raised (2), sunlight (2), markets (2), glass (2), top (2), carbonate (2), imparts (2), producers (2), substantially (2), normal (2), corrosive (2), interest (2), amounts (2), oxides (2), brand (2), humans (2), rather (2), susceptible (2), restricting (2), agents (2), likely (2), cuhdo (2), chromate (2), acza (2), approval (2), permitted (2), highway (2), classified (2), restricted (2), human (2), posed (2), risks (2), dismantling (2), removal (2), issued (2), 2002 (2), direct (2), previously (2), voluntary (2), agreement (2), risk (2), community (2), varying (2), ultraviolet (2), tradename (2), shall (2), instructions (2), precautions (2), regarding (2), southern (2), calculated (2), excellent (2), hazard (2), requirements (2), denoted (2), brands (2), dissolved (2), equivalent (2), wide (2), following (2), restrictions (2), governed (2), determine (2), volume (2), uptake (2), μca (2), epp (2), micro (2), mcq (2), mca (2), cis (2), communicate (2), handling (2), data (2), sheets (2), current (2), appropriate (2), personal (2), measures (2), citation (2), needed (2), practices (2), regulatory (2), operations (2), projects (2), aimed (2), degradation (2), biotic (2), here (2), upload (2), file (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, conduct, legal, contacts, disclaimers, text, you, agree, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, webarchive, template, matches, https, index, php, wood_preservation, oldid, 1367213289, latvia, czech, republic, gnd, databases, frameless, rift, quarter, flat, sawmill, hewing, mill, conversion, framers, guild, engravers, carvers, caricature, british, architectural, woodwork, institute, woodturners, organizations, finishing, steam, stripper, lacquer, french, polish, adhesive, purfling, oystering, edge, banding, binding, piecing, ovolo, ogive, ogee, bevel, bead, profiles, tongue, splice, scarf, rabbet, mortise, mason, lap, knee, headed, halved, dovetail, dado, crown, thorns, butterfly, butt, bridle, biscuit, birdsmouth, joints, geometry, surform, spokeshave, smoothing, shoulder, scrub, razee, moulding, jack, grooving, fore, block, bedrock, planes, scroll, ripsaw, keyhole, jigsaw, fretsaw, crosscut, circular, bucksaw, bandsaw, backsaw, saws, sawbuck, pipe, holdfast, gripe, band, clamps, workbench, scribe, winding, sticks, warrington, vise, planer, try, carpenters, square, shaving, horse, shaper, sandpaper, rasp, milling, mallet, janka, driver, hinge, bender, gauge, gimlet, float, drill, drawknife, chisel, burnisher, adze, abrasives, osb, glue, zebrano, willow, wenge, walnut, utile, sapele, rubberwood, rosewood, quebracho, ramin, ovankol, purpleheart, poplar, plum, pear, padauk, meranti, maple, mahogany, lovoa, linden, lime, basswood, lignum, vitae, jelutong, jarrah, iroko, ipê, imbuia, idigbo, hornbeam, hickory, hazel, elm, ebony, cumaru, cocobolo, chestnut, cherry, cedrela, camphor, bubinga, boxwood, bilinga, beech, balsa, avodire, aspen, apple, ash, anigre, andiroba, alder, afromosia, yew, rimu, juniper, cedrus, calocedrus, woodturning, whittling, treen, spindle, shipbuilding, weaving, segmented, root, relief, pyrography, pallet, crafting, millwork, luthier, kohlrosing, khatam, fretwork, ébéniste, chip, certosina, caning, cabinetry, bush, arrow, boat, styles, glossary, overviews, recycling, papermaking, mulch, list, destructive, certified, biomass, masts, tanbark, rail, brandy, potash, dugout, canoe, clapboard, billet, bavin, historical, woodchips, wool, flour, tall, ramial, chipped, liquor, barkdust, gas, tannin, sandalwood, pitch, pyroligneous, methanol, lye, smoke, dyes, cellulosic, ethanol, hemicellulose, derivatives, rayon, pulpwood, pulp, paperboard, corrugated, cardboard, pellet, firewood, firelog, biochar, charcoal, fuelwood, insulated, straw, masonite, lvl, glued, treenail, stud, sill, rafter, purlin, plank, panelling, molding, cabin, lath, flitch, cruck, cls, bressummer, batten, committee, alsc, formerly, preservers, mineral, albite, medicine, guide, selected, center, quest, diy, ltd, merchants, yard, winston, revie, third, edition, wiley, sons, italian, sivilculture, ecology, sisef, 1971, 7458, biogeosciences, chapter, cham, publishing, 906, 257902863, 2522, 8692, 81314, 81315, 899, handbooks, 92806290, 0043, 9339, 1017, s0043933918000909, litter, niemz, effect, change, walter, gruyter, gmbh, 546, 0018, 3830, 080, 539, bekhta, brocco, victor, fassina, paes, juarez, benigno, lais, gonçalves, brazolin, sérgio, arantes, marina, donária, chaves, 2099, jclepro, 074, 2017jcpro, 2093b, 2093, cleaner, junyi, shen, pang, song, gao, yun, xiao, guoyong, shujun, yingqian, s35, 25078835, s1001, 0742, 60621, 2013jenvs, 25s, 32h, s32, sciences, binbuga, nursen, ruhs, christopher, hasty, julia, henry, schultz, tor, developing, understanding, 269, 97166844, 038, 264, syofuna, banana, nakabonge, 163, 4067, s0718, 221x2012000200003, 155, maderas, ciencia, tecnología, efficiency, silveira, amanda, santini, elio, kulczynski, stela, trevisan, rômulo, wastowski, arci, gatto, darci, 3038, 29236851, 1590, 0001, 3765201720170485, 3031, anais, academia, brasileira, ciências, tannic, acacia, mearnsii, book, jones, dennis, brischke, christian, duxford, 9780081009925, morris, paul, stirling, rod, 1002, 15869687, 0459, 991, tripti, adya, protectant, 870, 16934998, 0448, 2012wdst, 851s, 851, dubreil, laurence, 225, 32370037, 7277147, antibiotics9050225, testing, october, goldstein, dreher, 1964, furfurylation, scaled, bert, kattenbroek, ratering, ferry, bongers, francesco, leicher, hal, stebbins, conference, istanbul, turkey, roger, zelinka, samuel, altgen, michael, emmerich, lukas, guigo, nathanael, keplinger, tobias, kymäläinen, maija, thybring, emil, thygesen, lisbeth, 2022, mdpi, 1004, 1999, 4907, f13071004, 2022fore, 1004z, functionalization, dick, andreja, surpass, cmi, defective, lawyers, california, timbersilwood, 1423, ch10132, naphthalene, diol, biphenol, hydroxy, naphthoic, organo, 901, ch05226, anrcatalog, ucdavis, edu, selecting, substitutes, exposures, tspace, library, utoronto, affecting, distribution, lykidis, charalampos, adamopoulos, stergios, kalafata, konstantina, brown, informa, 244, 1748, 0272, 1080, 17480272, 834969, 242, nigra, arabatzis, ioannis, gov, iccsafe, www, store, web, 618, lebow, stan, fed, pubs, acs, administration, preferred, apr, global, terzi, evren, papadopoulos, evaluation, mold, 144, 2014ibibi, 140m, carol, frederick, 1467, 2025, 20730119, 2920403, 1931, 7573, s11671, 9662, 2010nrl, 1464c, 1464, nanoscale, letters, weatherability, unique, leachability, efficacy, 495, 007, 2009ibibi, 490k, 490, sep, questions, answers, sealant, interim, landcaster, 1978, resin, nanotoxicology, leaky, homes, crisis, conservation, restoration, waterlogged, proof, ignited, held, moved, charred, cleaned, remove, bits, expose, iron, literally, shō, sugi, ban, burner, increases, microwave, concern, adversely, conducted, cooperative, centre, melbourne, permeability, heavily, modernised, manufacturing, ross, wye, merchant, trading, 1945, wider, visible, spokes, approximately, spoke, conventional, round, needle, figures, originate, 1998, prices, important, unsatisfactory, weathered, positions, machines, consist, essentially, revolving, drums, fitted, teeth, lasers, burn, tangential, direction, tested, 1912, shallow, slit, 1950s, butts, prepared, side, allow, transport, region, incise, philippines, hpsd, thick, mild, secured, sets, bolts, diesel, regulator, capacity, forced, placing, unpeeled, declining, skids, slightly, fastening, watertight, boring, ends, inserting, sulfate, satisfactorily, hydrostatic, forces, lengthwise, pushing, completely, considerable, experienced, revival, rica, bangladesh, india, approach, bag, standing, branches, attached, thereby, injecting, stream, transpiration, upward, trunk, contrary, static, empty, dynamic, inside, inconsistent, reverse, pit, closure, investment, incurred, intent, keep, absorbed, desired, changing, development, covered, his, injection, improvements, burnettizing, viscosity, varied, initial, energy, biggest, find, differ, details, loaded, tram, cars, set

Text of the page (random words):
treated wood products reads the appropriateness of the preservation system for field treatment shall be determined by the type of preservative originally used to protect the product and the availability of a field treatment preservative because many preservative products are not packaged and labeled for use by the general public a system different from the original treatment may need to be utilized for field treatment users shall carefully read and follow the instructions and precautions listed on the product label when using these materials copper naphthenate preservatives containing a minimum of 2 0 copper metal are recommended for material originally treated with copper naphthenate pentachlorophenol creosote creosote solution or waterborne preservatives 13 the m4 standard has been adopted by the 14 international code council s icc 2015 international building code ibc section 2303 1 9 preservative treated wood and 2015 international residential code irc r317 1 1 field treatment the american association of state highway and transportation officials aashto has also adopted the awpa m4 standard a waterborne copper naphthenate is sold to consumers under the tradename qnap 5w oilborne copper naphthenates with 1 copper as metal solutions are sold to consumers under the tradenames copper green and wolmanized copper coat a 2 copper as metal solution is sold under the tradename tenino chromated copper arsenate cca edit main article chromated copper arsenate in cca treatment copper is the primary fungicide arsenic is a secondary fungicide and an insecticide and chromium is a fixative which also provides ultraviolet uv light resistance recognized for the greenish tint it imparts to timber cca is a preservative that was very common for many decades in the pressure treatment process an aqueous solution of cca is applied using a vacuum and pressure cycle and the treated wood is then stacked to dry during the process the mixture of oxides reacts to form insoluble compounds helping with leaching problems the process can apply varying amounts of preservative at varying levels of pressure to protect the wood against increasing levels of attack increasing protection can be applied in increasing order of attack and treatment for exposure to the atmosphere implantation within soil or insertion into a marine environment in the last decade concerns were raised that the chemicals may leach from the wood into surrounding soil resulting in concentrations higher than naturally occurring background levels a study cited in forest products journal found 12 13 of the chromated copper arsenate leached from treated wood buried in compost during a 12 month period once these chemicals have leached from the wood they are likely to bind to soil particles especially in soils with clay or soils that are more alkaline than neutral in the united states the us consumer product safety commission issued a report in 2002 stating that exposure to arsenic from direct human contact with cca treated wood may be higher than was previously thought on 1 january 2004 the environmental protection agency epa in a voluntary agreement with industry began restricting the use of cca in treated timber in residential and commercial construction with the exception of shakes and shingles permanent wood foundations and certain commercial applications this was in an effort to reduce the use of arsenic and improve environmental safety although the epa were careful to point out that they had not concluded that cca treated wood structures in service posed an unacceptable risk to the community the epa did not call for the removal or dismantling of existing cca treated wood structures in australia the australian pesticides and veterinary medicines authority apvma 15 restricted the use of cca preservative for treatment of timber used in certain applications from march 2006 cca may no longer be used to treat wood used in intimate human contact applications such as children s play equipment furniture residential decking and handrailing use for low contact residential commercial and industrial applications remains unrestricted as does its use in all other situations the apvma decision to restrict the use of cca in australia was a precautionary measure even though the report 16 found no evidence that demonstrated cca treated timber posed unreasonable risks to humans in normal use similarly to the us epa the apvma did not recommend dismantling or removal of existing cca treated wood structures in europe directive 2003 2 ec restricts the marketing and use of arsenic including cca wood treatment cca treated wood is not permitted to be used in residential or domestic constructions it is permitted for use in various industrial and public works such as bridges highway safety fencing electric power transmission and telecommunications poles in the united kingdom waste timber treated with cca was classified in july 2012 as hazardous waste by the department for the environment food and rural affairs 17 other copper compounds edit these include copper hdo bis n cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy copper or cuhdo copper chromate copper citrate acid copper chromate and ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate acza the cuhdo treatment is an alternative to cca acq and ca used in europe and in approval stages for united states and canada acza is generally used for marine applications borate edit boric acid oxides and salts borates are effective wood preservatives 18 and are supplied under numerous brand names throughout the world one of the most common compounds used is disodium octaborate tetrahydrate na 2 b 8 o 13 4h 2 o commonly abbreviated dot borate treated wood is of low toxicity to humans and does not contain copper or other heavy metals however unlike most other preservatives borate compounds do not become fixed in the wood and can be partially leached out if exposed repeatedly to water that flows away rather than evaporating evaporation leaves the borate behind so is not a problem even though leaching will not normally reduce boron concentrations below effective levels for preventing fungal growth borates should not be used where they will be exposed to repeated rain water or ground contact unless the exposed surfaces are treated to repel water 19 zinc borate compounds are less susceptible to leaching than sodium borate compounds but are still not recommended for below ground use unless the timber is first sealed 20 recent interest in low toxicity timber for residential use along with new regulations restricting some wood preservation agents has resulted in a resurgence of the use of borate treated wood for floor beams and internal structural members researchers at csiro in australia have developed organoborates which are much more resistant to leaching while still providing timber with good protection from termite and fungal attack 21 22 the cost of the production of these modified borates will limit their widespread take up but they are likely to be suitable for certain niche applications especially where low mammalian toxicity is of paramount importance pti edit recent concerns about the health and environmental effects of metallic wood preservatives have created a market interest in non metallic wood preservatives such as propiconazole tebuconazole imidacloprid better known as pti the american wood protection association awpa standards for pti require a retention of 0 018 lb cu ft 0 29 kg m 3 for above ground use and 0 013 lb cu ft 0 21 kg m 3 when applied in combination with a wax stabilizer the awpa has not developed a standard for a pti ground contact preservative so pti is currently limited to above ground applications such as decks all three of the pti components are also used in food crop applications the very low required amounts of pti in pressure treated wood further limits effects and substantially decreases the freight costs and associated environmental impacts for shipping preservative components to the pressure treating plants the pti preservative imparts very little color to the wood producers generally add a color agent or a trace amount of copper solution so as to identify the wood as pressure treated and to better match the color of other pressure treated wood products the pti wood products are very well adapted for paint and stain applications with no bleed through the addition of the wax stabilizer allows a lower preservative retention plus substantially reduces the tendency of wood to warp and split as it dries in combination with normal deck maintenance and sealer applications the stabilizer helps maintain appearance and performance over time pti pressure treated wood products are no more corrosive than untreated wood and are approved for all types of metal contact including aluminum pti pressure treated wood products are relatively new to the market place and are not yet widely available in building supply stores however there are some suppliers selling pti products for delivery anywhere in the us on a job lot order basis sodium silicate edit sodium silicate is produced by fusing sodium carbonate with sand or heating both ingredients under pressure it has been in use since the 19th century it can be a deterrent against insect attack and possesses minor flame resistant properties however it is easily washed out of wood by moisture forming a flake like layer on top of the wood timber treatment technology llc markets timbersil a sodium silicate wood preservative the timbersil proprietary process surrounds the wood fibers with a protective non toxic amorphous glass matrix the result is a product the company calls glass wood which they claim is class a fire retardant chemically inert rot and decay resistant and superior in strength to untreated wood 23 timbersil is currently involved in litigation over its claims 24 25 potassium silicate edit there are a number of european natural paint fabricants that have developed potassium silicate potassium waterglass based preservatives they frequently include boron compounds cellulose lignin and other plant extracts they are a surface application with a minimal impregnation for internal use bifenthrin spray edit in australia a water based bifenthrin preservative has been developed to improve the insect resistance of timber as this preservative is applied by spray it only penetrates the outer 2 mm of the timber cross section concerns have been raised as to whether this thin envelope system will provide protection against insects in the longer term particularly when exposed to sunlight for extended periods fire retardant treated edit the fireproofing of wood utilizes a fire retardant chemical that remains stable in high temperature environments the fire retardant is applied under pressure at a wood treating plant like the preservatives described above or applied as a surface coating in both cases treatment provides a physical barrier to flame spread the treated wood chars but does not oxidize effectively this creates a convective layer that transfers flame heat to the wood in a uniform way which significantly slows the progress of fire to the material there are several commercially available wood based construction materials using pressure treatment such as those marketed in the united states and elsewhere under the trade names of firepro burnblock wood safe dricon d blaze and pyro guard as well as factory applied coatings under the trade names of pinkwood and nexgen some site applied coatings as well as brominated fire retardants have lost favor due to safety concerns as well as concerns surrounding the consistency of application specialized treatments also exist for wood used in weather exposed applications the only impregnation applied fire retardant commercially available in australia is nexgen guardian which used calcium formate as a powerful wood modifying agent was removed from sale in early 2010 for unspecified reasons oil borne edit these include pentachlorophenol penta and creosote they emit a strong petrochemical odor and are generally not used in consumer products both of these pressure treatments routinely protect wood for 40 years in most applications coal tar creosote edit wood railroad ties before right and after left infusion with creosote at a facility of the santa fe railroad in albuquerque new mexico in march 1943 creosote was the first wood preservative to gain industrial importance more than 150 years ago and it is still widely used today for protection of industrial timber components where long service life is essential creosote is a tar based preservative that is commonly used for utility poles and railroad ties or sleepers creosote is one of the oldest wood preservatives and was originally derived from a wood distillate but now virtually all creosote is manufactured from the distillation of coal tar creosote is regulated as a pesticide and is not usually sold to the general public linseed oil edit in recent years in australia and new zealand linseed oil has been incorporated in preservative formulations as a solvent and water repellent to envelope treat timber this involves just treating the outer 5 mm of the cross section of a timber member with preservative e g permethrin 25 75 leaving the core untreated while not as effective as cca or losp methods envelope treatments are significantly cheaper as they use far less preservative major preservative manufacturers add a blue or red dye to envelope treatments blue colored timber is for use south of the tropic of capricorn and red for elsewhere the colored dye also indicates that the timber is treated for resistance to termites white ants there is an ongoing promotional campaign in australia for this type of treatment other emulsions edit light organic solvent preservatives losp edit this class of timber treatments use white spirit or light oils such as kerosene as the solvent carrier to deliver preservative compounds into timber synthetic pyrethroids are typically used as an insecticide such as permethrin bifenthrin or deltamethrin in australia and new zealand the most common formulations use permethrin as an insecticide and propiconazole and tebuconazole as fungicides while still using a chemical preservative this formulation contains no heavy metal compounds with the introduction of strict volatile organic compound voc laws in the european union losps have disadvantages due to the high cost and long process times associated with vapour recovery systems losps have been emulsified into water based solvents while this does significantly reduce voc emissions the timber swells during treatment removing many of the advantages of losp formulations epoxy edit various epoxy resins usually thinned with a solvent like acetone or methyl ethyl ketone mek can be used to both preserve and seal wood the wood coatings market in general will exceed 12 billion by 2027 26 new technologies edit biological modified timber edit paviljoen eindhoven nobelwood biological modified timber is treated wit...