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Text of the page (random words):
late word embeddings for text corpora in sketch engine that are available online 56 ethical implications edit word embeddings may contain the biases and stereotypes contained in the trained dataset as bolukbasi et al points out in the 2016 paper man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker debiasing word embeddings that a publicly available and popular word2vec embedding trained on google news texts a commonly used data corpus which consists of text written by professional journalists still shows disproportionate word associations reflecting gender and racial biases when extracting word analogies 57 for example one of the analogies generated using the aforementioned word embedding is man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker 58 59 research done by jieyu zhao et al shows that the applications of these trained word embeddings without careful oversight likely perpetuates existing bias in society which is introduced through unaltered training data furthermore word embeddings can even amplify these biases 60 61 see also edit embedding machine learning brown clustering distributional relational database references edit jurafsky daniel h james martin 2000 speech and language processing an introduction to natural language processing computational linguistics and speech recognition upper saddle river n j prentice hall isbn 978 0 13 095069 7 mikolov tomas sutskever ilya chen kai corrado greg dean jeffrey 2013 distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality arxiv 1310 4546 cs cl lebret rémi collobert ronan 2013 word emdeddings through hellinger pca conference of the european chapter of the association for computational linguistics eacl vol 2014 arxiv 1312 5542 levy omer goldberg yoav 2014 neural word embedding as implicit matrix factorization pdf nips li yitan xu linli 2015 word embedding revisited a new representation learning and explicit matrix factorization perspective pdf int l j conf on artificial intelligence ijcai globerson amir 2007 euclidean embedding of co occurrence data pdf journal of machine learning research qureshi m atif greene derek 2018 06 04 eve explainable vector based embedding technique using wikipedia journal of intelligent information systems 53 137 165 arxiv 1702 06891 doi 10 1007 s10844 018 0511 x issn 0925 9902 s2cid 10656055 levy omer goldberg yoav 2014 linguistic regularities in sparse and explicit word representations pdf conll pp 171 180 socher richard bauer john manning christopher ng andrew 2013 parsing with compositional vector grammars pdf proc acl conf archived from the original pdf on 2016 08 11 retrieved 2014 08 14 socher richard perelygin alex wu jean chuang jason manning chris ng andrew potts chris 2013 recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank pdf emnlp sahlgren magnus a brief history of word embeddings firth j r 1957 a synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955 studies in linguistic analysis 1 32 reprinted in f r palmer ed 1968 selected papers of j r firth 1952 1959 london longman cite book cs1 maint publisher location link luhn h p 1953 a new method of recording and searching information american documentation 4 14 16 doi 10 1002 asi 5090040104 osgood c e suci g j tannenbaum p h 1957 the measurement of meaning university of illinois press salton gerard 1962 some experiments in the generation of word and document associations proceedings of the december 4 6 1962 fall joint computer conference on afips 62 fall pp 234 250 doi 10 1145 1461518 1461544 isbn 978 1 4503 7879 6 s2cid 9937095 cite book isbn date incompatibility help salton gerard wong a yang c s 1975 a vector space model for automatic indexing communications of the acm 18 11 613 620 doi 10 1145 361219 361220 hdl 1813 6057 s2cid 6473756 dubin david 2004 the most influential paper gerard salton never wrote archived from the original on 18 october 2020 retrieved 18 october 2020 kanerva pentti kristoferson jan and holst anders 2000 random indexing of text samples for latent semantic analysis proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the cognitive science society p 1036 mahwah new jersey erlbaum 2000 karlgren jussi sahlgren magnus 2001 uesaka yoshinori kanerva pentti asoh hideki eds from words to understanding foundations of real world intelligence csli publications 294 308 sahlgren magnus 2005 an introduction to random indexing proceedings of the methods and applications of semantic indexing workshop at the 7th international conference on terminology and knowledge engineering tke 2005 august 16 copenhagen denmark sahlgren magnus holst anders and pentti kanerva 2008 permutations as a means to encode order in word space in proceedings of the 30th annual conference of the cognitive science society 1300 1305 bengio yoshua réjean ducharme pascal vincent 2000 a neural probabilistic language model pdf neurips bengio yoshua ducharme réjean vincent pascal jauvin christian 2003 a neural probabilistic language model pdf journal of machine learning research 3 1137 1155 bengio yoshua schwenk holger senécal jean sébastien morin fréderic gauvain jean luc 2006 a neural probabilistic language model studies in fuzziness and soft computing vol 194 springer pp 137 186 doi 10 1007 3 540 33486 6_6 isbn 978 3 540 30609 2 vinkourov alexei cristianini nello shawe taylor john 2002 inferring a semantic representation of text via cross language correlation analysis pdf advances in neural information processing systems vol 15 lavelli alberto sebastiani fabrizio zanoli roberto 2004 distributional term representations an experimental comparison 13th acm international conference on information and knowledge management pp 615 624 doi 10 1145 1031171 1031284 roweis sam t saul lawrence k 2000 nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding science 290 5500 2323 6 bibcode 2000sci 290 2323r doi 10 1126 science 290 5500 2323 pmid 11125150 s2cid 5987139 he יהושע בנג יו morin fredric bengio yoshua 2005 hierarchical probabilistic neural network language model pdf in cowell robert g ghahramani zoubin eds proceedings of the tenth international workshop on artificial intelligence and statistics proceedings of machine learning research vol r5 pp 246 252 mnih andriy hinton geoffrey 2009 a scalable hierarchical distributed language model advances in neural information processing systems 21 nips 2008 curran associates inc 1081 1088 word2vec google code archive retrieved 23 july 2021 bojanowski piotr grave edouard joulin armand mikolov tomas 2017 enriching word vectors with subword information transactions of the association for computational linguistics 5 135 146 doi 10 1162 tacl_a_00051 reisinger joseph mooney raymond j 2010 multi prototype vector space models of word meaning vol human language technologies the 2010 annual conference of the north american chapter of the association for computational linguistics los angeles california association for computational linguistics pp 109 117 isbn 978 1 932432 65 7 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of the 2017 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing pp 2979 2989 doi 10 18653 v1 d17 1323 petreski davor hashim ibrahim c 2022 05 26 word embeddings are biased but whose bias are they reflecting ai society 38 2 975 982 doi 10 1007 s00146 022 01443 w issn 1435 5655 s2cid 249112516 v t e natural language processing general terms ai complete bag of words n gram bigram trigram computational linguistics natural language understanding stop words text processing text analysis argument mining collocation extraction concept mining coreference resolution deep linguistic processing distant reading information extraction knowledge extraction logic translation named entity recognition ontology learning parsing semantic syntactic part of speech tagging semantic analysis semantic role labeling semantic decomposition semantic similarity sentiment analysis stance detection stylometry adversarial terminology extraction text mining textual entailment truecasing word sense disambiguation word sense induction text segmentation compound term processing lemmatization lexical analysis text chunking stemming sentence segmentation word segmentation automatic summarization multi document summarization sentence extraction text simplification machine translation computer assisted example based rule based statistical transfer based neural distributional semantics models bert document term matrix explicit semantic analysis fasttext glove language model large small latent semantic analysis long short term memory seq2seq transformer word embedding word2vec language resources datasets and corpora types and standards corpus linguistics lexical resource linguistic linked open data machine readable dictionary parallel text propbank semantic network simple knowledge organization system speech corpus text corpus thesaurus information retrieval treebank universal dependencies data babelnet bank of english dbpedia framenet google ngram viewer uby wordnet wikidata automatic identification and data capture speech recognition speech segmentation speech synthesis natural language generation topic model document classification dynamic topic model latent dirichlet allocation pachinko allocation computer assisted reviewing automated essay scoring concordancer grammar checker predictive text pronunciation assessment spell checker natural language user interface chatbot interactive fiction prompt engineering question answering virtual assistant voice user interface visual linguistic automatic image annotation clip multimodal sentiment analysis optical character recognition vision language model vision language action model related formal semantics gensim hallucination language model benchmark natural language toolkit spacy v t e artificial intelligence ai history timeline glossary companies projects list of open source ai software concepts automated reasoning automated planning constraint satisfaction knowledge representation parameter hyperparameter loss functions regression bias variance tradeoff double descent...