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n be interpreted as a self attack on their ethnicity 30 despite improving economic and social conditions of indigenous mexicans discrimination against them continues to this day and there are few laws to protect indigenous mexicans from discrimination violent attacks against indigenous mexicans are moderately common and many times go unpunished 31 on 15 march 1911 a band of maderista soldiers entered torreón mexico and massacred 303 chinese and five japanese historian larissa schwartz argues that kang youwei had successfully organized the prosperous chinese businessmen there making them a visible target for class antagonism made extreme by xenophobia 32 the chinese were easy to identify in northern cities and were frequent targets especially in sonora in the 1930s systematic persecution resulted from economic political and psychological fears of the chinese and the government showed little interest in protecting them 33 34 theresa alfaro velcamp argues that the porfiriato 1876 1910 promoted immigration from the middle east however the revolution of 1910 20 saw a surge in xenophobia and nationalism based on mestizaje the community divided into the economically prosperous lebanese mexicans who took pride in a distinct lebanese mexican identity while the downscale remainder often merged into the mestizo community 35 racism against indigenous people has been a current problem in mexico 36 domestic workers many of whom are indigenous women who have moved from rural villages to cities often face discrimination including verbal physical or sexual abuse 37 panama edit further information afro panamanians peter szok argues that when the united states brought in large numbers of laborers from the caribbean called afro panamanians to build the panama canal 1905 1914 xenophobia emerged the local elite in panama felt its culture was threatened they cried out la patria es el recuerdo the homeland is the memory and developed a hispanophile elitist identity through an artistic literary movement known as hispanismo another result was the election of the overtly nationalist and anti imperialist arnulfo arias as president in 1940 38 peru edit racism against indigenous people is a current problem in peru domestic workers many of whom are indigenous women who have moved from rural villages to cities often face discrimination including verbal physical or sexual abuse 39 40 41 42 due to tren de aragua s heavy presence in lima there were increased sentiments of xenophobia against venezuelans following clashes between peruvians and venezuelan migrants at the gamarra market in lima the los gallegos chapter of the tren de aragua released a video stating there will be no peace for peruvians who support xenophobia we will begin to kill all peruvian mototaxi drivers citation needed venezuela edit in venezuela like other south american countries economic inequality often breaks along ethnic and racial lines 43 a 2013 swedish academic study stated that venezuela was the most racist country in the americas 43 followed by the dominican republic 43 united states edit main article xenophobia in the united states in a 2010 report a network of more than 300 us based civil rights and human rights organizations stated that discrimination permeates all aspects of life in the united states and it extends to all communities of color 44 discrimination against racial ethnic and religious minorities is widely acknowledged especially in the case of african americans diaspora africans and other ethnic minorities in the united states members of every major american ethnic and religious minority group have perceived discrimination in their dealings with members of other minority racial and religious groups philosopher cornel west has argued that racism is an integral element within the very fabric of american culture and society it is embedded in the country s first collective definition enunciated in its subsequent laws and imbued in its dominant way of life 45 a 2019 survey by the pew research center suggested that 76 of black and asian respondents had experienced some form of discrimination at least from time to time 46 studies which have been conducted by the pnas and nature have found that during traffic stops officers spoke to black men in a less respectful tone than they spoke to white men and those same studies have also found that black drivers are more likely to be pulled over and searched by police than white drivers 47 black people are also reportedly overrepresented as criminals in the media 48 in 2020 the covid 19 epidemic was often blamed on china leading to attacks on chinese americans 49 this represents a continuation of xenophobic attacks on chinese americans for 150 years 50 asia edit main article racism in asia bhutan edit see also ethnic cleansing in bhutan and bhutanese refugees in 1991 92 bhutan is said to have deported between 10 000 and 100 000 ethnic nepalis lhotshampa the actual number of refugees who were initially deported is debated by both sides in march 2008 this population began a multiyear resettlement in third countries including the u s canada new zealand norway denmark the netherlands and australia 51 china edit main article racism in china the boxers edit main article boxer rebellion the boxer rebellion was a violent anti foreign anti christian and anti imperialist uprising which occurred in china between 1899 and 1901 it was led by a new group the militia united in righteousness the group was popularly known as the boxers because many of its members had practiced chinese martial arts at the time these martial arts were popularly referred to as chinese boxing after china s defeat in war by japan in 1895 villagers in north china feared the expansion of foreign spheres of influence and resented the extension of privileges to christian missionaries in a severe drought boxer violence spread across shandong and the north china plain destroying foreign property attacking or murdering christian missionaries and chinese christians in june 1900 boxer fighters convinced that they were invulnerable to foreign weapons converged on beijing and their slogan was support the qing government and exterminate the foreigners diplomats missionaries soldiers and some chinese christians took refuge in the diplomatic legation quarter they were besieged for 55 days by the imperial army of the chinese government and the boxers george makari says that the boxers promoted a violent hatred of all those from other lands and made no effort to distinguish the beneficent from the rapacious ones they were unabashedly xenophobic 52 the boxers were overthrown by an eight nation alliance of american austro hungarian british french german italian japanese and russian troops 20 000 in all that invaded china to lift the siege in august 1900 the allies imposed the boxer protocol in 1901 with a massive annual cash indemnity to be paid by the chinese government the episode generated worldwide attention and denunciation of xenophobia 53 54 chinese nationalism and xenophobia edit historian mary c wright has argued that the combination of chinese nationalism and xenophobia had a major impact on the chinese worldview in the first half of the 20th century examining the bitterness and hatred which existed towards americans and europeans in the decades before the communist takeover in 1949 she argues the crude fear of the white peril that the last imperial dynasty had been able to exploit in the boxer rebellion of 1900 had been submerged but not overcome and expanding special privileges of foreigners were irritants in increasingly wide spheres of chinese life these fears and irritations provided a mass sounding board for what otherwise might have been rather arid denunciations of imperialists it is well to remember that both nationalists and communists have struck this note 55 56 covid 19 edit in china xenophobia against non chinese residents has been inflamed by the covid 19 pandemic in mainland china with foreigners being described as foreign garbage and targeted for disposal 57 some black people in china were evicted from their homes by police and told to leave china within 24 hours due to disinformation that they and other foreigners were spreading the virus 58 expressions of chinese xenophobia and discriminatory practices such as the exclusion of black customers from restaurants were criticized by foreign governments and members of the diplomatic corps 59 60 hong kong edit black people in hong kong have experienced negative comments and instances of discrimination in the job market and on public transport 61 62 expats and south asian minorities have faced increased xenophobia during the covid 19 pandemic 63 64 persecution of uighurs edit main article persecution of uyghurs in china since 2017 china has come under intense international criticism for its treatment of one million muslims the majority of them are uyghurs a turkic ethnic minority mostly in xinjiang who are being held in detention camps without any legal process 65 66 critics of the policy have described it as the sinicization of xinjiang and some have also called it an ethnocide or a cultural genocide 65 67 indonesia edit main articles racism in indonesia papua conflict and discrimination against chinese indonesians a number of discriminatory laws against chinese indonesians were enacted by the government of indonesia in 1959 president sukarno approved pp 10 1959 that forced chinese indonesians to close their businesses in rural areas and relocate into urban areas moreover political pressures in the 1970s and 1980s restricted the role of the chinese indonesian in politics academics and the military as a result they were thereafter constrained professionally to becoming entrepreneurs and professional managers in trade manufacturing and banking in 1998 indonesia riots over higher food prices and rumors of hoarding by merchants and shopkeepers often degenerated into anti chinese attacks 68 69 native papuans in the country have faced racism 70 71 and several reports have accused indonesia of committing a slow motion genocide in west papua 72 73 74 75 76 hostility towards the lgbt community has been recently reported 77 78 especially in aceh 79 80 japan edit main article xenophobia in japan part of a series on japanese nationalism ideologies essentialism fascism emperor system para statism restoration ultra internet netto uyoku minzoku new right national conservatism acm cultural neo ultra neo nihon religious nichirenism principles authoritarianism bushido constitutional reform corporatism fukoku kyōhei hierarchy historical negationism nanjing massacre denial imperialism irredentism japanese culture japanization kokutai militarism monarchism bansei ikkei emperor system mythology arahitogami natalism nativism nihonjinron pan asianism patriotism racism chinese korean russian reactionary sovereignty state shinto supremacism wa xenophobia yamato damashii history sonnō jōi meiji restoration satsuma rebellion imperial rescript on education first sino japanese war hibiya incendiary incident february 26 incident second sino japanese war japan during world war ii new political order pacific war propaganda assassination of inejirō asanuma mishima incident act on national flag and anthem colonies and puppet states of empire burma china beijing east hebei manchukuo mengjiang nanjing 1937 1940 shanghai india kampuchea korea luang prabang philippines south sakhalin south seas mandate taiwan vietnam repression mass killings and war crimes comfort women kantō massacre manila massacre nanjing massacre unit 731 intellectuals chogyū etō fukuda hayashi hirata hyakuta ishiwara kakuzō kanokogi kita kobayashi hideo kobayashi yoshinori masaki minobe mayuzumi mizushima mishima miyake nishibe nishio ōen oh ōkawa oshikawa sakurai shiga shimoi shinkichi sono sugiyama tadayuki takabatake tanaka tetsujirō watanabe yamaji yanagita yatsuka literature bushido the soul of japan 1899 kokutairon and pure socialism 1906 an investigation of global policy 1943 patriotism 1960 sun and steel 1968 the japan that can say no 1989 the dignity of the nation 2005 the eternal zero 2006 politicians abe akamatsu araki asō hashimoto kingoro hashimoto tōru hiranuma hirohito hyakuta hirota inada ishihara kamiya kawamura kiichirō kishi koike koiso koizumi junichiro koizumi shinjirō konoe masaki matsuoka nakano nakasone saigō suga sugita takaichi tsuji tojo hideki tojo yuko activists akao fujioka gilbert higashinakano inoue kase kodama motoya nomura ryōhei sakurai sasakawa tachibana tamogami toyama yamaguchi parties active conservative party of japan greater japan patriotic party japan first party liberal democratic party national socialist japanese workers party restoration political party sanseitō tokyoites first party defunct genzei nippon imperial rule assistance association imperial subject public service association league of mobilization in korea japan farmers party japan restoration party kokumin dōmei national democratic party party for japanese kokoro party of hope sunrise party tōhōkai organisations active ganbare nippon japanese culture channel sakura japanese society for history textbook reform kokusui kai nippon kaigi sankei shimbun zaitokukai defunct black dragon society gen yōsha kenkokukai kōdōha kokuryūkai national defense brotherhood reform bureaucrats sakurakai seiwa seisaku kenkyūkai tatenokai volunteer army unit for punishing traitors symbols and disputes imperial seal kimigayo rising sun flag territorial disputes chishima jdz senkaku takeshima yamato nadeshiko yasukuni shrine related topics anti kurdish sentiment asian monroeism conservatism in japan gaijin greater east asia co prosperity sphere hakkō ichiu kokugaku political extremism far right propaganda in japan satō kishi abe family uyoku dantai conservatism portal japan portal v t e during its edo period japan had successfully isolated itself from the outside world allowing anti foreign sentiments and myths to multiply unchecked by actual observation 81 in 2005 a united nations report expressed concerns about racism in japan and it also stated that the government s recognition of the depth of the problem was not total 82 83 the author of the report doudou diène special rapporteur of the un commission on human rights concluded after a nine day investigation that racial discrimination and xenophobia in japan primarily affected three groups national minorities latin americans of japanese descent mainly japanese brazilians and foreigners from poor countries 84 surveys conducted in 2017 and 2019 have shown that 40 to nearly 50 of the foreigners who were surveyed have experienced some form of discrimination 85 86 another report has also noted differences in how the media and some japanese treat visitors from the west as compared to those from east asia with the latter being viewed much less positively than the former 87 japan accepted just 16 refugees in 1999 while the united states took in 8...