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s español français հայերեն bahasa indonesia 日本語 jawa 한국어 norsk bokmål português русский саха тыла svenska українська 吴语 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia chinese essayist poet and scholar 1898 1948 zhu ziqing 朱自清 born zhu zihua 1898 11 22 22 november 1898 bushang village pingming donghai county zh haizhou directly administered prefecture zh jiangsu qing china died 12 august 1948 1948 08 12 aged 49 beiping republic of china resting place wan an cemetery zh education peking university occupations essayist poet scholar educator spouse s wu zhongqian zh m 1916 died 1929 chen zhuyin zh m 1932 1948 children 8 writing career language chinese english period 1919 1948 genres prose essay poetry literary criticism notable works retreating figure moonlight over the lotus pond hurry conversations on the classics in this chinese name the family name is zhu zhu ziqing chinese 朱自清 transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin zhū zìqīng wade giles chu tzu ch ing alternative chinese name chinese 朱自華 transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin zhū zìhuá wade giles chu tzu hua zhu ziqing 22 november 1898 12 august 1948 born zhu zihua courtesy name peixian 佩弦 and art name shiqiu 實秋 was a chinese essayist poet scholar and educator 1 a native of shaoxing zhejiang and born in what is now donghai county jiangsu he is chiefly remembered for his essays in vernacular chinese and for his early new poetry he is especially associated with such prose pieces as retreating figure and moonlight over the lotus pond he served as a professor and later head of the department of chinese at tsinghua university and during the second sino japanese war at the national southwestern associated university 2 zhu occupies a foundational position in the history of modern chinese prose his essays are frequently praised for their structural coherence emotional restraint colloquial precision and capacity to fuse landscape observation with inward feeling at the same time his work has attracted scholarly debate particularly regarding its lyrical ornamentation and rhetorical finish in modern chinese literary history he is generally regarded as one of the canonical prose writers of the republican period 3 4 life and career edit early life and family background edit zhu ziqing was born on 22 november 1898 in bushang village pingming in donghai county then part of haizhou directly administered prefecture zh in jiangsu 1 his ancestral home however was shaoxing zhejiang 1 his grandfather zhu zeyu had originally borne the surname yu and had been adopted into the zhu family eventually serving as a county magistrate s clerk in donghai in 1901 zhu s father zhu hongjun took up official employment in shaobo gaoyou zh and the family moved there zhu began his education in a traditional private school in 1903 when he was six the family settled in yangzhou the city with which he would later be most closely associated 2 in his autobiographical essay i am a yangzhou man 我是扬州人 zhu recalled that his family had only come to eastern jiangsu in his grandfather s generation and that he himself had been born in haizhou he also remarked on his affection for the local speech of haizhou noting that traces of it survived in his father s yangzhou accent 5 in 1908 he entered shuangzhongci primary school while also studying classical chinese in evening classes in 1912 during the political turmoil of the early republic the yangzhou military authorities under xu baoshan zh exacted forced contributions from local households in the name of revolution and the zhu family lost much of its property that same year he transferred to anhui lüyang public school zh and later entered jiangsu provincial eighth middle school zh in yangzhou zhu s relationship with his father was frequently tense a dynamic later readers often explore when analysing retreating figure 6 peking university and the may fourth period edit in 1916 zhu graduated from secondary school and entered the preparatory programme of peking university by arrangement of his parents he married wu zhongqian zh daughter of the yangzhou physician wu weisan in 1917 he advanced to the department of philosophy around this period in response to financial hardship and out of a wish to preserve moral self discipline he changed his given name from zihua to ziqing drawing from the chu ci to signify integrity and moral purity he adopted the courtesy name peixian inspired by the han feizi passage advising one to wear a taut bowstring to counteract natural sluggishness 1 while at peking university he participated in the commoners education lecture group and became acquainted with deng zhongxia during the may fourth movement of 1919 he joined demonstrations in beijing and also took part in student organisational work it was during this period that he began writing new poetry and entered the orbit of the new culture literary world 1 early teaching posts and literary emergence edit after graduating from the department of philosophy at peking university in june 1920 zhu returned south and took up a post at zhejiang provincial first normal school zh in hangzhou in november that year he became one of the early members of the literary research association on 10 october 1921 the chenguang society zh was established and both zhu and ye shengtao served as advisers later that autumn zhu taught chinese at the china public school in wusong 7 in early 1922 pressed by economic necessity he accepted an invitation from zheng hechun zh principal of zhejiang provincial sixth normal school zh and went to teach in taizhou through the introduction of wang jingzhi he became acquainted with feng xuefeng and pan mohua zh he later helped to found the journal poetry 詩 with yu pingbo ye shengtao and liu yanling zh one of the earliest journals devoted to new poetry 1 wenzhou and ningbo years edit in 1923 zhu increasingly turned to prose his first major essay the qinhuai river in the sound of oars and lamplight 槳聲燈影裡的秦淮河 was warmly received on publication and zhou zuoren reportedly praised it as a model of artistic vernacular prose 8 in march that year zhu went to wenzhou where he taught at wenzhou high school he wrote the school s song and one of its lines to aid the nation and enlighten the people 英奇匡国 作圣启蒙 later became the institution s motto during his wenzhou period he also wrote the four essays later grouped as traces of wenzhou 溫州的蹤跡 including the well known green 綠 a lyrical description of the meiyutan waterfall at xianyan 9 3 in february 1924 zhu moved to ningbo to teach at zhejiang provincial fourth middle school zh while also lecturing part time at chunhui middle school zh there he came to know xia mianzun zh li shutong and feng zikai in the same year he published traces his first collection of poems and essays 1 tsinghua years edit in 1925 zhu edited our june 我們的六月 not long afterwards he joined tsinghua school later tsinghua university where he devoted more attention to literary research while increasingly concentrating his own creative work on prose 2 in 1928 he published his first major essay collection retreating figure the pieces in the volume based on close personal observation and direct emotional experience established the style for which he became famous plain but elegant diction controlled feeling and a capacity to draw lasting emotion from ordinary scenes the title essay would become one of the best known prose texts in twentieth century china 3 his first wife wu zhongqian died of illness in 1929 at the age of 31 her death was a severe personal blow in 1930 when yang zhensheng became president of national qingdao university zh zhu served for a time as acting head of its chinese department 1 britain and return to china edit on 22 august 1931 zhu left beiping overland for britain where he studied linguistics and english literature at the university of london he returned to shanghai on 31 july 1932 and in august that year married chen zhuyin zh he then resumed teaching at tsinghua 1 in 1934 he was among the editors of the prose magazine taibai and of literary quarterly in 1935 he edited the poetry volume of the compendium of new chinese literature 中國新文學大系 and wrote its introduction he also published the essay collection you and me ni wo the prose of this period is often regarded as somewhat less immediately lyrical than his earlier work but more mature in structure and more natural in colloquial expression 3 war years edit in 1938 during the second sino japanese war zhu went to kunming where he became head of the department of chinese at the national southwestern associated university the wartime union of peking university tsinghua university and nankai university he was also elected a director of the all china resistance association of writers and artists 2 despite difficult living conditions zhu continued to teach and carry out literary scholarship with great seriousness during these years he also collaborated with ye shengtao on works related to language and education including teaching chinese 國文教學 these wartime years further strengthened his reputation as both writer and teacher 2 final years and death edit after the end of the war zhu continued his academic and editorial work in 1946 he edited the supplement language and literature 語言與文學 for the newspaper xinsheng bao he also became increasingly sympathetic to student activism and to broader criticisms of the kuomintang government 10 on 18 june 1948 he signed the declaration protesting the american policy of supporting japan and refusing american relief flour 10 he died in beiping on 12 august 1948 at the age of 49 the immediate cause of death was a severe duodenal ulcer leading to perforation rather than starvation 11 12 the widespread belief that zhu starved to death derives largely from a famous passage in mao zedong s farewell leighton stuart which praised zhu s moral integrity by stating that he would rather starve than accept american relief grain 10 later research and contemporary testimony however indicate that this was rhetorical rather than literally accurate refusing subsidised american flour undoubtedly worsened the family s financial situation but surviving diary evidence does not suggest that the household was reduced to starvation instead the records point to persistent digestive illness restricted eating and repeated pain associated with his ulcer condition 13 14 contemporary diary entries record statements such as drank cow s milk but it caused severe distress ate too heavily at dinner and despite good appetite must restrain myself due to illness on 29 july 1948 merely eleven days after signing the anti american flour declaration he wrote in his journal still prone to overindulgence must be careful medical consensus indicates that his duodenal ulcer exacerbated by stress and dietary indiscretion ruptured leading to fatal peritonitis 15 writing and reputation edit zhu ziqing is best known as a master of the modern chinese lyric essay the essays most frequently singled out for praise include retreating figure moonlight over the lotus pond and green retreating figure in particular has become canonical in modern chinese prose through unadorned language and a tightly focused scene it conveys paternal affection filial remorse and retrospective tenderness with unusual force 3 his descriptive prose also occupies an important place in the development of modern chinese nature writing in essays such as green and moonlight over the lotus pond he used vernacular diction to produce prose that was lucid musical and delicately textured his descriptive passages often rely on simile contrast and rhythmic balance yet they rarely lose contact with concrete sensory experience 9 critics have often summarised zhu s prose as structurally tight plain in surface diction clear in movement restrained yet evocative and highly attentive to emotional nuance he excelled at expressing feeling through scene so that landscape and inward mood become closely intertwined zhu himself once remarked that his deepest interest lay in poetry especially song poetry and that as a prose writer he especially loved poetry that moved in the direction of prose 4 his work has also attracted criticism ye shengtao thought that pieces such as moonlight over the lotus pond the qinhuai river in the sound of oars and lamplight and hurry were somewhat mannered and overly attentive to rhetoric at the expense of naturalness 16 tang tao similarly argued that although the language was smooth and faultless some of these essays lacked the living energy of speech itself 17 han han later questioned why textbook compilers preferred moonlight over the lotus pond which he regarded as ornate and hollow 18 xia zhiqing offered further reservations about certain aspects of zhu s lyricism imagery and syntax 19 even so zhu s place in literary history remains secure his essays have long been staples of chinese language education in both mainland china and taiwan and his best known works continue to shape the general understanding of what modern chinese prose can be 4 works edit poetry and poetry collections edit xuechao zh 1922 an anthology by members of the literary research association huimie destruction 1923 a long poem short fiction edit bie 别 1921 the history of laughter 笑的歷史 1923 20 essay collections edit traces 1924 retreating figure 1928 miscellanies of european travel 1934 you and me 1936 london miscellanies 1943 individual essays edit hurry 1922 the qinhuai river in the sound of oars and lamplight green moonlight over the lotus pond spring scholarship criticism and language studies edit conversations on the classics 1946 miscellaneous talks on new poetry 1947 on the tradition that poetry expresses intent 1947 standards and measures 1948 fragments on language and literature 1948 on appreciation by both the refined and the popular 1948 book reviews and critical essays family edit zhu s younger brother zhu wuhua was a distinguished radio engineer 2 his eldest son zhu maixian zh later joined the chinese communist party and was executed in 1951 during the campaign to suppress counterrevolutionaries 2 his other children included zhu runsheng zhu qiaosen zhu siyu zhu caizhi zhu tixian zhu xiaowu and zhu rongjun 2 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 jiang jian wu weigong 2010 朱自清年谱 chronological biography of zhu ziqing in chinese beijing guangming daily press 光明日报出版社 p 1 isbn 978 7 5112 0867 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 pu jiangqing 朱自清先生傳略 a brief biography of mr zhu ziqing in traditional chinese archived from the original on 6 april 2016 retrieved 23 august 2025 1 2 3 4 5 zhu...