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zhuang (155), the (84), tai (56), #languages (51), and (49), subgroup (36), #language (28), chinese (27), northern (25), edit (24), southern (22), from (20), varieties (19), speakers (19), with (17), guangxi (17), people (17), articles (16), central (16), township (16), china (15), 000 (15), other (14), are (14), dai (13), nong (10), county (10), 2007 (10), text (9), thai (9), has (9), for (9), minzu (9), chubanshe (9), yunnan (9), dialect (9), containing (8), iso (8), 639 (8), qiubei (8), university (8), proto (8), min (8), standard (8), writing (8), zhang (8), that (8), wikipedia (7), script (7), yongbei (7), kam (7), kra (7), eastern (7), which (7), south (7), isbn (7), dialects (7), zhuàngyǔ (7), see (7), been (7), north (7), village (7), guibian (6), cantonese (6), yang (6), yei (6), english (6), beijing (6), not (6), 1999 (6), wei (6), 2010 (6), survey (6), pdf (6), linguistics (6), area (6), also (6), letters (6), sawndip (6), hongshuihe (6), code (5), commons (5), page (5), 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youjiang zhuang zzj zuojiang zhuang glottolog none daic1237 daic zhuang is not a valid group geographic distribution of zhuang dialects in guangxi and related languages in northern vietnam and guizhou this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa books of zhuang language the zhuang languages ˈ dʒ w æ ŋ ˈ dʒ w ɒ ŋ 2 autonym vahcuengh βa ɕuːŋ a sawndip 話僮 b c are more than a dozen tai languages spoken by the zhuang people of southern china in the province of guangxi and adjacent parts of yunnan and guangdong the zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit as northern and southern zhuang languages are more closely related to other tai languages than to each other northern zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with northern tai varieties across the provincial border in guizhou which are designated as bouyei whereas southern zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with central tai varieties such as nung tay and caolan in vietnam 3 standard zhuang is based on the northern zhuang dialect of wuming the tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern china with speakers of the southwestern tai languages which include thai modern day thailand lao modern day laos and shan modern day shan state myanmar having emigrated south in the face of chinese expansion noting that both the zhuang and thai peoples have the same exonym for the vietnamese kɛɛu a1 4 from the chinese commandery of jiaozhi in northern vietnam jerold a edmondson posited that the split between zhuang and the southwestern tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of jiaozhi in 112 bc he also argues that the departure of the thai from southern china must predate the 5th century ad when the tai who remained in china began to take family names 5 surveys edit sites surveyed in zhang 1999 subgrouped according to pittayaporn 2009 n m i c b f h l p zhāng jūnrú s 張均如 zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiù 壯語方言研究 a study of zhuang dialects is the most detailed study of zhuang dialectology published to date it reports survey work carried out in the 1950s and includes a 1465 word list covering 36 varieties of zhuang for the list of the 36 zhuang variants below from zhang 1999 the name of the region usually county is given first followed by the specific village the phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of pittayaporn 2009 6 see tai languages pittayaporn 2009 wuming shuāngqiáo 雙橋 subgroup m hengxian nàxù 那旭 subgroup n yongning north wǔtáng 五塘 subgroup n pingguo xīnxū 新圩 subgroup n tiandong héhéng 合恒 subgroup n tianlin lìzhōu 利周 subgroup n lingyue sìchéng 泗城 subgroup n guangnan shā people 沙族 zhěméng township 者孟鄉 subgroup n qiubei gēhán township 戈寒鄉 subgroup n liujiang bǎipéng 百朋 subgroup n yishan luòdōng 洛東 subgroup n huanjiang chéngguǎn 城管 subgroup n rong an ānzì 安治 subgroup n longsheng rìxīn 日新 subgroup n hechi sānqū 三區 subgroup n nandan méma 麼麻 subgroup n donglan chéngxiāng 城廂 subgroup n du an liùlǐ 六里 subgroup n shanglin dàfēng 大豐 subgroup n laibin sìjiǎo 寺腳 subgroup n guigang shānběi 山北 subgroup n lianshan xiǎosānjiāng 小三江 subgroup n qinzhou nàhé township 那河鄉 subgroup i yongning south xiàfāng township 下枋鄉 subgroup m long an xiǎolín township 小林鄉 subgroup m fusui central dàtáng township 大塘鄉 subgroup m shangsi jiàodīng township 叫丁鄉 subgroup c chongzuo fùlù township 福鹿鄉 subgroup c ningming fēnghuáng township 鳳璜鄉 subgroup b longzhou bīnqiáo township 彬橋鄉 subgroup f daxin hòuyì township 後益鄉 subgroup h debao yuándì èrqū 原第二區 subgroup l jingxi xīnhé township 新和鄉 subgroup l guangnan nóng people 儂族 xiǎoguǎngnán township 小廣南鄉 subgroup l yanshan nóng people 儂族 kuāxī township 誇西鄉 subgroup l wenma tǔ people 土族 hēimò township 黑末鄉大寨 dàzhài subgroup p varieties edit the zhuang language or language group has been divided by chinese linguists into northern and southern dialects fāngyán 方言 in chinese each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties known as tǔyǔ 土語 in chinese by chinese linguists zhang wei 1997 zhang 1999 29 30 7 the wuming dialect of yongbei zhuang classified within the northern zhuang dialect is considered to be the standard or prestige dialect of zhuang developed by the government for certain official usages although southern zhuang varieties have aspirated stops northern zhuang varieties lack them 8 there are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5 11 tones depending on the variety zhang 1999 identified 13 zhuang varieties later research by the summer institute of linguistics has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not mutually intelligible without previous exposure on the part of speakers resulting in 16 separate iso 639 3 codes 9 10 northern zhuang edit main article northern tai languages northern zhuang comprises dialects north of the yong river with 8 572 200 speakers 7 11 northern zhuang ccx prior to 2007 guibei 桂北 1 290 000 speakers luocheng huanjiang rongshui rong an sanjiang yongfu longsheng hechi nandan tian e donglan guibei zhuang zgb liujiang 柳江 1 297 000 speakers liujiang north laibin yishan liucheng xincheng liujiang zhuang zlj hongshui he 紅水河 2 823 000 speakers south laibin du an mashan shilong guigang luzhai lipu yangshuo castro and hansen 2010 distinguished three mutually unintelligible varieties central hongshuihe central hongshuihe zhuang zch eastern hongshuihe eastern hongshuihe zhuang zeh and liuqian liuqian zhuang zlq 12 yongbei 邕北 1 448 000 speakers north yongning wuming prestige dialect binyang hengxian pingguo yongbei zhuang zyb youjiang 右江 732 000 speakers tiandong tianyang and parts of the baise city area all along the youjiang river basin area youjiang zhuang zyj guibian 桂邊 yei zhuang 827 000 speakers fengshan lingyun tianlin longlin north guangnan yunnan guibian zhuang zgn qiubei 丘北 yei zhuang 122 000 speakers qiubei area yunnan qiubei zhuang zqe lianshan 連山 33 200 speakers lianshan guangdong north huaiji guangdong lianshan zhuang zln eastern guangxi edit in east central guangxi there are isolated pockets of northern zhuang speakers in zhongshan 14 200 zhuang people pingle 2 100 zhuang people zhaoping 4 300 zhuang people mengshan about 5 000 zhuang people and hezhou about 3 000 zhuang people counties these include the following varieties named after administrative villages that are documented by wei 2017 13 lugang village 蘆崗村 etang town 鵝塘鎮 pinggui district 平桂區 he county 賀縣 qishan village 啟善村 yuantou town 源頭鎮 pingle county xiping village 西坪村 zouma township 走馬鄉 zhaoping county xie village 謝村 xinxu town 新圩鎮 mengshan county nitang village 坭塘村 yuantou town 源頭鎮 pingle county linyan village 林岩村 qingtang town 清塘鎮 zhongshan county southern zhuang edit main article central tai languages southern zhuang dialects are spoken south of the yong river with 4 232 000 speakers 7 11 southern zhuang ccy prior to 2007 yongnan 邕南 1 466 000 speakers south yongning central and north fusui long an jinzhou shangse chongzuo areas yongnan zhuang zyn zuojiang 左江 1 384 000 speakers longzhou longjin daxin tiandeng ningming zuojiang river basin area zuojiang zhuang zzj dejing 得靖 979 000 speakers jingxi debao mubian napo jackson jackson and lau 2012 distinguished two mutually unintelligible varieties yang zhuang yang zhuang zyg and min zhuang minz zhuang zgm 14 yanguang 硯廣 nong zhuang 308 000 speakers south guangnan yunnan yanshan area nong zhuang zhn wenma 文麻 dai zhuang 95 000 speakers wenshan yunnan malipo guibian dai zhuang zhd the tày and nùng language complex in vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of central tai and shares a high mutual intelligibility with wenshan dai and other southern zhuang dialects in guangxi the nùng an language has a mixture of northern and central tai features recently described varieties edit goonson 2011 distinguishes four distinct zhuang languages in wenshan prefecture yunnan nong zhuang yei zhuang dai zhuang and min zhuang all of which are southern zhuang varieties except for yei zhuang which is northern zhuang 15 min zhuang is a recently discovered southern zhuang variety that has never been described previous to goonson 2011 see also wenshan zhuang and miao autonomous prefecture ethnic groups pyang zhuang and myang zhuang are recently described southern zhuang central tai languages spoken in debao county guangxi china 16 17 writing systems edit zhuang sawndip manuscript the 81 symbols of the poya songbook used by zhuang women in funing county yunnan the zhuang languages have been written in the ancient sawndip script for over a thousand years possibly preceded by the sawgoek script citation needed sawndip is based on chinese characters similar to vietnamese chữ nôm some sawndip logograms were directly borrowed from han characters whereas others were created locally from components of chinese characters it has been used for writing songs by whom and more recently in public communications encouraging people to follow official family planning policy example needed there has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts including pictographic proto writing by whom in 1957 a hybrid script based on the latin script and expanded with cyrillic and ipa derived letters was introduced to write standard zhuang in 1982 it was updated to use only latin letters 18 these are referred to as the old and new zhuang respectively by whom bouyei is written in latin script 1957 alphabet edit consonants edit b b d d g g c c by by ƃ ƃ ƌ ƌ gv gv y y gy gy m m n n ŋ ŋ ny ny my my f f s s h h ŋv ŋv v v l l r r vowels edit a a i i u u e e o o ɵ ɵ ə ə ɯ ɯ tone letters edit ƨ ƨ ɜ ɜ ч ч ƽ ƽ ƅ ƅ a sign in zhuang language top located in guangxi 1982 alphabet edit consonants edit b b d d g g c c by by mb mb nd nd gv gv y y gy gy m m n n ng ng ny ny my my f f s s h h ngv ngv v v l l r r vowels edit a a i i u u e e o o oe oe from ɵ ae ae from ə w w from ɯ tone letters edit z z j j x x q q h h see also edit languages of china zhuang studies notes edit pre 1982 vaƅcueŋƅ from vah language and cuengh zhuang simplified chinese 壮语 traditional chinese 壯語 pinyin zhuàngyǔ references edit mikael parkvall världens 100 största språk 2007 the world s 100 largest languages in 2007 in nationalencyklopedin guangxi zhuang lexico uk english dictionary oxford university press archived from the original on april 20 2021 bradley david 2007 east and southeast asia in moseley christopher ed encyclopedia of the world s engangered languages routledge pp 349 422 isbn 978 1 135 79640 2 p 370 a1 designates a tone edmondson jerold a 2007 the power of language over the past tai settlement and tai linguistics in southern china and northern vietnam pdf in jimmy g harris somsonge burusphat james e harris eds studies in southeast asian languages and linguistics bangkok thailand ek phim thai co pp 39 63 archived from the original pdf on 2011 07 16 retrieved 2011 06 19 see p 15 of preprint pittayaporn pittayawat 2009 the phonology of proto tai ph d thesis cornell university hdl 1813 13855 1 2 3 zhang yuansheng and wei xingyun 1997 regional variants and vernaculars in zhuang in jerold a edmondson and david b solnit eds comparative kadai the tai branch 77 96 publications in linguistics 124 dallas summer institute of linguistics and the university of texas at arlington isbn 978 1 55671 005 6 luo yongxian 2008 zhuang in diller anthony edmondson jerold a luo yongxian eds the tai kadai languages london routledge isbn 978 0 7007 1457 5 johnson eric c 2007 iso 639 3 registration authority change request number 2006 128 pdf tan sharon 2007 iso 639 3 registration authority change request number 2007 027 pdf 1 2 zhang 1999 hansen bruce castro andy 2010 hongshui he zhuang dialect intelligibility survey sil electronic survey reports 2010 025 wei mingying 韦名应 2017 guidong zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂东壮语语音研究 beijing minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 isbn 978 7 105 14918 6 jackson bruce jackson andy lau shuh huey 2012 a sociolinguistic survey of the dejing zhuang dialect area sil electronic survey reports 2012 036 johnson 2010 language name and locationː pyang zhuang fuping china not on ethnologue lingweb eva mpg de archived from the original on 2014 02 23 retrieved 2014 02 09 liao hanbo 2016 tonal development of tai languages m a thesis payap university zhou 2003 bibliography edit zhuàng hàn cíhuì 壯漢詞彙 in chinese nanning guangxi minzu chubanshe 1984 edmondson jerold a solnit david b eds 1997 comparative kadai the tai branch summer institute of linguistics and the university of texas at arlington johnson eric c 2010 a sociolinguistic introduction to the central taic languages of wenshan prefecture china pdf sil international sil electronic survey report 2010 027 zhuàng hàn yīng cídiǎn guengh gun yingh swzdenj zhuang chinese english dictionary 壯漢英詞典 beijing minzu chubanshe 2004 isbn 7 105 07001 3 tan xiaohang 覃曉航 1995 xiàndài zhuàngyǔ 現代壯語 in chinese beijing minzu chubanshe tan guosheng 覃國生 1996 zhuàngyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 壯語方言概論 in chinese nanning guangxi minzu chubanshe wang mingfu 王明富 johnson eric 江子楊 2008 zhuàngzú wénhuà yíchǎn jí zhuàngyǔ yánjiū zhuang cultural and linguistic heritage 壯族文化遺產及壯語研究 in chinese and english kunming yunnan minzu chubanshe the nationalities publishing house of yunnan isbn 978 7 5367 4255 0 wei mingying 韋名應 2017 guidong zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂東壯語語音研究 beijing minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 oclc 1082879363 wei qingwen 韋慶穩 tan guosheng 覃國生 1980 zhuàngyǔ jiǎnzhì 壯語簡志 in chinese beijing minzu chubanshe zhang junru 張均如 et al 1999 zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 壯語方言研究 a study of zhuang dialects in chinese chengdu sichuan minzu chubanshe zhou minglang 2003 multilingualism in china the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949 2002 berlin mouton de gruyter pp 251 258 isbn 3 11 017896 6 external links edit look up category zhuang language in wiktionary the free dictionary wikimedia commons has media related to zhuang writing kra dai swadesh lists from wiktionary s swadesh list appendix zhuang language alphabet omniglot the prospects for the long term survival of non han minority languages in the south of china field notes on the pronominal system of zhuang a major case of language shift is occurring in which the use of zhuang and other minority languages is restricted mainly to rural areas because zhuang speaking villages like jingxi which develop into towns become more and more of mandarin speaking towns zhuang speaking villages become non zhuang speaking towns and children of zhuang speaking parents in cities are likely not to speak zhuang as a mother tongue map of major zhuang language groups archived 2017 10 11 at the wayback machine paradisec has an open access collection of zhuang mogong texts from bama and tianyang sawcuengh people com official zhuang language version standard zhuang of the people s daily website v t e languages of china official standard chinese varieties of chinese danzhou mandarin northeastern b...