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zweikanalton wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 technical details 2 system m variant 3 history 4 other names 5 see also 6 notes and references toggle the table of contents zweikanalton 8 languages dansk deutsch español bahasa indonesia 日本語 русский српски srpski türkçe edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia german 2 channel sound system this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources zweikanalton news newspapers books scholar jstor september 2014 learn how and when to remove this message digital on screen graphic displayed at the beginning of zweikanalton programmes on orf 1 zweikanalton two channel sound or a2 stereo 1 is an analog television stereo sound and bilingual audio transmission system used in germany austria australia switzerland netherlands malaysia indonesia serbia croatia turkey poland and some other countries that use or used ccir systems south korea utilized a modified version of zweikanalton for the ntsc analog television standard zweikanalton relies on two separate fm carriers this offers a relatively high separation between the channels compared to a subcarrier based multiplexing system and can thus be used for bilingual broadcasts as well as stereo unlike the competing nicam standard zweikanalton is an analog system zweikanalton can be adapted to any existing analogue television system and modern pal or secam television receivers generally include a sound detector ic that can decode both zweikanalton and nicam technical details edit a 2nd fm sound carrier containing a second sound channel is transmitted at a frequency 242 khz higher than the default fm sound carrier and contains a 54 6875 khz pilot tone to indicate whether the broadcast is mono stereo or bilingual this pilot tone is 50 amplitude modulated with 117 5 hz for stereo or 274 1 hz for bilingual the absence of this carrier indicates normal mono sound the zweikanalton fm carrier has to be 20 db weaker than video carrier and 7 db weaker than default fm sound carrier to avoid video interference issues zweikanalton can carry either a completely separate audio program or can be used for stereo sound transmission in the latter case the first fm carrier carries l r for compatibility while the second carrier carries r not l r after combining the two channels this method improves the signal to noise ratio by reducing the correlated noise between the channels carrier frequencies are chosen so that they cause minimal interference to the picture the difference between the two sound carriers is 15 5 times the line frequency 15 5 x 15625 hz 242187 5 hz which being an odd multiple of half line frequency reduces the visibility of intermodulation products between the two carriers the pilot tone frequency is 3 5 times line frequency 54687 5 hz the modulated tone frequency is 117 5 hz for stereo transmission and 274 1 hz for bilingual transmission absence of this tone is interpreted as a monaural transmission zweikanalton operating modes mode standard sound carrier 2nd sound carrier pilot tone in 2nd carrier b g 5 5 mhz d k 6 5 mhz bg 5 742 mhz dk a 6 258 mhz dk a 6 742 mhz dk a 5 742 b mhz mono mono carrier is absent none stereo mix of left right l r right audio channel r 54 6875 khz 50 am with 117 5 hz bilingual 1st language 2nd language 54 6875 khz 50 am with 274 1 hz a the second sound carrier frequency of dk systems varies from country and sometimes manufacturers divide them into dk1 dk2 dk3 systems 2 3 b the video bandwidth is reduced system m variant edit there is a modified version of zweikanalton used in south korea compatible with the ntsc system m standard of tv transmission in this case the second fm carrier is 14 25 times the line frequency or about 224 khz above the first carrier pre emphasis is 75 microseconds the stereo pilot tone frequency is 149 9 hz the bilingual pilot tone frequency is 276 hz and the second channel carries l r not r history edit zweikanalton was developed by the institut für rundfunktechnik irt in munich during the 1970s and was first introduced on the german national television channel zdf on 13 september 1981 the german public broadcaster ard subsequently introduced zweikanalton on its das erste channel on 29 august 1985 in honour of the 1985 edition of the internationale funkausstellung berlin ifa west germany thus became the first country in europe to use multiplexed sound on its television channels in malaysia tv3 used zweikanalton on its uhf analogue transmission frequency channel 29 while nicam was instead used on its vhf analogue transmission frequency channel 12 in indonesia the first tv station to use zweikanalton was sctv which utilized from its start of broadcasting in 1990 later zweikanalton was abandoned by national networks in favor of nicam but at least there was one local television station that still used zweikanalton in serbia ntv studio b used zweikanalton from its first start of broadcasting in march 1990 and reopening on 16 november 1990 on its all channels uhf 32 40 49 51 and 53 for stereo transmission in 1994 it stopped to use zweikanalton because of video degradation caused by intermodulation products in 2000s this technology was successfully used by fox televizija prva serbian television rts and many cable operators also for stereo transmission only in croatia zweikanalton was used by croatian television hrt from 1990s on all three channels htv1 htv2 and htv3 also for stereo transmission only all the mentioned tv stations from serbia and croatia produced all tv shows in stereo and broadcast permanently in stereo mode they broadcast every mono source by simply creating two identical left and right channels from the mono input similar to the most radio stations in austria zweikanalton was introduced on 1 september 1990 on public television orf for both bilingual and stereo broadcasting it was used for both purposes until analogue television switch off in turkey the private tv channel star tv originally magic box star 1 was the pioneer in turkey to utilise the zweikanalton system for both dual audio and stereo sound broadcasting since its start of terrestrial broadcasting in september 1992 this allowed viewers to watch hollywood series and movies such as the a team macgyver or miami vice in either the original english or with turkish dubbing this audio system became quickly the standard for most major private national television stations to offer stereo and bilingual features like show tv kanal d atv cine5 and other private channels the state broadcaster trt implemented the same zweikanalton technology later in the 1990s turkey was one more european country with zweikanalton as standard for multiplex sound in analogue terrestrial and cable television broadcasting systems in poland cable tv providers standardised in 1990s both zweikanalton and british stereo tv system called nicam for simultaneous transmission on tv channels they transmitted main mono l r audio signal on 6 5 mhz zweikanalton other than usually 5 742 mhz they transmitted on 6 258 mhz the nicam signal was transmitted on 5 85 mhz as a result of the analogue television switch off in most countries which used zweikanalton zweikanalton is now considered obsolete and has been replaced with mpeg 2 and or mpeg 4 for countries that have converted to dvb t dvb t2 europe and asia pacific and dolby digital ac 3 on atsc in south korea other names edit zweikanalton is known by a variety of names worldwide most commonly used names are zweiton german stereo a2 stereo dual fm stereo west german stereo zwei träger system two carrier and igr stereo see also edit multichannel television sound 3 additional audio channels on 4 5 mhz audio carriers nicam eiaj mts notes and references edit stereo sound systems qsl net archived 2010 12 03 at the wayback machine us 7751571b2 hyun ho jeong sound signal processor and method for processing sound signal using the same published 2006 03 07 issued 2010 07 06 assigned to lg electronics inc us 8090110b2 tien ju tsai shih chuan lu shu ming liu method and apparatus for determining sound standard for input sound signal published 2009 10 22 issued 2012 01 03 assigned to himax technologies ltd v t e video formats television analog 405 lines system a 525 lines system m color systems ntsc ntsc j clear vision pal m b mac 625 lines system b c d g h i k l n color systems pal pal n palplus secam mac 819 lines system e f 1125 lines muse 1250 lines hd mac audio btsc mts eiaj nicam sap sound in syncs zweikanalton a2 igr hidden signals captioning cgms a epg gcr pdc teletext vbi veil vit vitc wss xds historical pre 1940 mechanical television 180 line 343 line 375 line 441 line 455 line 567 line field sequential color system oskm digital interlaced sdtv 480i 576i hdtv 1080i progressive ldtv 1seg 240p 288p edtv 480p 576p hdtv 720p 1080p uhdtv 4k 8k mpeg 2 video atsc dvb dvb 3d tv isdb dtmb abs s avs cmmb avs note 1 dtmb abs s mpeg 4 visual mobaho note 2 mpeg 4 avc atsc a 72 cmmb dmb dtmb dvb sbtvd 1seg mobaho note 2 avs2 note 1 abs s mpeg h hevc atsc 3 0 dvb hd dmb isdb s3 dtmb audio ac 3 5 1 ac 4 dts dra mpeg 1 audio layer ii mpeg multichannel pcm lpcm aac he aac mpeg h 3d audio hidden signals afd broadcast flag captioning cpcm epg teletext 1 2 also used in china s dvb s s2 network 1 2 defunct technical issues 14 9 compromise broadcast safe digital cinema dci display motion blur mpeg transport stream reverse standards conversion standards conversion television transmitter test card video on demand video processing widescreen signaling templates analogue tv topics v t e analog television broadcasting topics systems 180 line 343 line 375 line 405 line system a 441 line 455 line 525 line system m 625 line system b system c system d system g system h system i system k system l system n 819 line system e system f color systems ntsc ntsc j clear vision pal pal m pal s palplus secam video back porch and front porch black level blanking level chrominance chrominance subcarrier color burst color frame sequence color killer color tv composite video frame video horizontal scan rate horizontal blanking interval luma nominal analogue blanking overscan raster scan safe area teletext television lines vertical blanking interval vertical interval timecode white clipper sound multichannel television sound nicam sound in syncs zweikanalton modulation frequency modulation quadrature amplitude modulation vestigial sideband modulation vsb transmission amplifiers antenna radio broadcast transmitter transmitter station cavity amplifier differential gain differential phase diplexer dipole antenna dummy load frequency mixer intercarrier method intermediate frequency output power of an analog tv transmitter pre emphasis residual carrier split sound system superheterodyne transmitter synchronization of tv transmitter and receiver television receive only direct broadcast satellite television television transmitter terrestrial television transposer digital television transition frequencies bands frequency offset microwave transmission television channel frequencies uhf vhf propagation beam tilt distortion earth bulge field strength in free space noise electronics null fill path loss radiation pattern skew television interference testing distortionmeter field strength meter vectorscope vit signals zero reference pulse artifacts dot crawl ghosting hanover bars sparklies retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title zweikanalton oldid 1374507023 categories broadcast engineering television technology hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from september 2014 all articles needing additional references webarchive template wayback links articles containing german language text this page was last edited on 12 september 2026 at 14 04 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents zweikanalton 8 languages add topic