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1599 acoma massacre wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 background 2 battle toggle battle subsection 2 1 alternative interpretations 3 aftermath toggle aftermath subsection 3 1 present day acoma views 4 see also 5 references 6 further reading toggle the table of contents 1599 acoma massacre 2 languages español euskara edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 34 53 46 n 107 34 55 w 34 896 n 107 582 w 34 896 107 582 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from ácoma massacre 1599 massacre of puebloans by spanish soldiers acoma massacre part of the acoma war conquest of new mexico a lithograph of ácoma pueblo made in 1848 date january 22 24 1599 location acoma pueblo new mexico 34 53 46 n 107 34 55 w 34 896 n 107 582 w 34 896 107 582 result spanish victory in battle civilians massacred belligerents crown of castile acoma commanders and leaders vicente de zaldívar zutacapan strength 70 conquistadors indian auxiliaries 1 artillery piece 2 000 warriors casualties and losses unknown 500 killed 500 captured civilian casualties 300 killed the acoma massacre was a punitive expedition by spanish conquistadors at the acoma pueblo in january 1599 around 500 acoma men and 300 women and children were killed during the three day onslaught of the acoma who survived the attack many were sentenced to 20 year terms of bondage and 24 suffered amputations 1 the massacre was the result of a battle between spanish colonizers and native americans from the keres acoma nation in what is now new mexico in retaliation for the killing of 12 spanish soldiers by the acoma in the previous year background edit in the late 1500s the spanish crown began ordering conquest expeditions into the territories of pueblo peoples areas of which spain sought to gain control of as part of the colonization efforts in new spain in 1595 the conquistador don juan de oñate was granted permission by king philip ii to colonize santa fe de nuevo méxico the present day american state of new mexico the early years of spanish exploits in the area had seen but a few mostly peaceful encounters with the acoma people who outnumbered the colonizers in the decades after 1627 however in 1598 zutacapan the acoma cacique and spiritual leader learned that the spanish emissaries intended to conquer acoma pueblo by force zutacapan also learned that the spanish plan was to have all the pueblo people move to a new village in the valley where they would live under spanish rule and work for the crown under the colonial forced labor system known as encomienda 2 the acoma would also be forced to convert to catholicism and forsake their traditional beliefs and practices seeking to protect the pueblo s material and religious integrity pueblo leadership decided to prepare to resist spanish aggression juan de zaldívar oñate s nephew and soldier was sent to the pueblo to meet with zutacapan upon arriving on december 4 1598 the spanish envoy demanded food and shelter for himself and his sixteen men 3 after being rebuffed the group reportedly invaded acoma homes breaking walls and destroying property in order to take maize and blankets by force leaving keres women curled up naked with their children 4 the acoma resisted and a fight ensued leaving zaldívar and eleven of his men dead when oñate learned of the incident he ordered juan s brother vicente de zaldívar to lead an expedition to punish the acoma and set an example for other pueblos taking about seventy men vincente de zaldivar left san juan pueblo in late december or early january and arrived at acoma on january 21 1599 5 battle edit the main battle between the acoma and the spaniards began the following morning january 22 for the first two days the acoma were able to withstand spanish forces until zaldívar developed a plan to breach the pueblo s defenses using a small cannon on the third day zaldívar and twelve of his men ascended the mesa and opened fire on the pueblo with the cannon the spaniard s heavy artillery was incomparable to the acoma s arsenal a large fire engulfed many acoma homes during the battle the conquistadors then stormed the settlement there were an estimated 4 000 people living at or around the acoma pueblo in 1598 of whom at least 1 000 were warriors an estimated 500 men were killed in the battle along with about 300 women and children some 500 prisoners were taken and later sentenced by oñate to a variety of punishments after a trial was held at san juan pueblo oñate ordered that every male above the age of twenty five would have his right foot cut off and be enslaved for a period of twenty years twenty four men suffered amputation males between the age of twelve and twenty five were also enslaved for twenty years along with all of the females above the age of twelve citation needed most of the remaining natives were dispersed among the residences of government officials or at franciscan missions sixty of the youngest women were deemed not guilty and sent to mexico city where they were parceled out among catholic convents two hopi men were taken prisoner at the pueblo after each had one of his hands cut off they were released to spread the word of spain s might 5 after the massacre the town was abandoned out of fear until it was reconstructed again by the pueblo in 1599 when alternative interpretations edit whether the whole foot of the massacre s victims were cut off has been subject of scrutiny in a 2002 letter to the editor 6 in support of el paso s new statue of oñate a commentator specified that original records from the time translate as cut off the ends of their toes in another letter from 2017 a commentator stated that in onate s personal journal he specifically refers to the punishment of the acoma warriors as cutting off las puntas del pie the points of the foot the toes 7 these arguments include the idea that the spanish would not have limited a slave s usefulness by removing their foot 8 page needed aftermath edit the punishments inflicted on those who were not killed in combat included amputation of hands and feet or being sold into slavery 9 when king philip heard the news of the massacre and the punishments oñate was banished from new mexico for his cruelty to the natives and later returned to spain to live out the remainder of his life several acomas escaped capture by the spanish in 1599 and by 1601 had rebuilt their pueblo which still stands present day acoma views edit the massacre remains a sensitive issue among puebloans in 1998 during the 400 year anniversary of spain s founding of new mexico colony a group of acomas cut off the right foot of the twelve foot 3 7 m equestrian statue of juan de oñate in alcalde new mexico they later issued a statement about the incident we took the liberty of removing oñate s right foot on behalf of our brothers and sister of acoma pueblo the foot was replaced the same year 10 the statue was removed in june 2020 in the wake of the murder of george floyd and subsequent protests 11 on april 21 2007 an eighteen foot tall 5 5 m statue of oñate the largest bronze equestrian statue in the united states was erected at el paso texas members of the acoma tribe attended the dedication ceremony and protested against the statue s construction 5 12 on june 15 2020 the statue at alcalde was removed by rio arriba county officials for safekeeping during the george floyd protests the county commission issued a statement that they had not decided the statue s future 13 la jornada another statue of oñate in albuquerque new mexico was also taken down during the protests by local government officials following a protest where a counter protester shot one of the protesters 14 see also edit indigenous peoples of the americas portal indian massacre list of massacres in new mexico references edit library resources about 1599 acoma massacre resources in your library resources in other libraries oñate juan de new mexico office of the state historian archived from the original on 2011 09 10 retrieved 2011 08 19 rabasa josé 2000 writing violence on the northern frontier the historiography of sixteenth century new mexico and florida and the legacy of conquest durham nc duke university press isbn 0822380749 oclc 52589426 knaut andrew the pueblo revolt of 1680 norman the university of oklahoma press 1995 p 69 isbn missing rabasa j 1993 aesthetics of colonial violence the massacre of acoma in gaspar de villagrá s historia de la nueva méxico college literature 20 3 96 114 1 2 3 kessel p 16 archived copy pdf archived from the original pdf on 2019 04 12 retrieved 2018 10 08 cite web cs1 maint archived copy as title link chavez y gilbert donald a opinion an accurate accounting of the history of oñate www abqjournal com retrieved 2020 06 22 chavez thomas e 2006 new mexico past and future albuquerque university of new mexico press isbn 0 8263 3444 x oclc 70054191 the last conquistador background pov 2008 01 23 retrieved february 16 2019 brooke james february 9 1998 conquistador statue stirs hispanic pride and indian rage the new york times oñate statue to return to public view next week kob 2023 09 22 archived from the original on 2024 05 21 retrieved 2025 03 24 http listings guidelive com sharedcontent dws ent stories dn conquistador_0714gl art state edition1 4d5ac28 html dead link oñate statue taken down for now romero simon 15 june 2020 man is shot at protest over statue of new mexico s conquistador the new york times retrieved 7 july 2020 further reading edit kessel william b robert wooster 2005 encyclopedia of native american wars and warfare new york infobase publishing isbn 0 8160 3337 4 knaut andrew l 1995 the pueblo revolt of 1680 norman university of oklahoma press isbn 9780806129921 lumis charles f spanish pioners xvi century isbn 978 1 115 42082 2 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1599_acoma_massacre oldid 1375453868 categories massacres of indigenous mexicans 1599 in new spain battles in new mexico colonial new mexico 1590s in new mexico native american history of new mexico 1599 conflicts 1599 in north america massacres committed by spain punitive expeditions native american genocide in the united states anti indigenous racism in new mexico hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata pages using gadget wikiminiatlas coordinates on wikidata pages with missing isbns all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from december 2020 all articles with vague or ambiguous time vague or ambiguous time from february 2021 wikipedia articles needing page number citations from may 2021 cs1 maint archived copy as title all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from august 2011 this page was last edited on 17 september 2026 at 21 43 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents 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