Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

shin, sin, arabic, hebrew, in, letter, contents, origins, shīn, aramaic, syriac, character, encodings, see, also, notes, references, sources, external, links, šīn, with, additional, three, dots, below, and, dot, unicode, encoding, significance, judaism, cyrillic, terms, containing,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (189), and (62), shin (59), #letter (59), arabic (51), hebrew (47), semitic (25), with (24), #aramaic (22), edit (22), for (22), from (19), sin (19), arabian (18), that (18), judeo (17), phoenician (16), hex (16), šīn (16), this (15), modern (15), script (15), language (14), alphabet (14), dot (14), dec (14), old (13), south (13), proto (12), later (12), used (12), which (12), was (11), letters (11), ipa (10), unicode (10), are (10), north (10), position (10), also (10), languages (9), history (9), english (9), other (9), order (9), according (9), shīn (9), biblical (8), samaritan (8), palestinian (8), character (8), name (8), cyrillic (8), three (8), samekh (8), dots (8), sīn (8), wikipedia (7), sources (7), syriac (7), algerian (7), two (7), there (7), value (7), see (7), word (7), text (6), pages (6), containing (6), latin (6), 300 (6), between (6), egyptian (6), eastern (6), unknown (6), written (6), tooth (6), page (5), articles (5), recorded (5), retrieved (5), abjad (5), left (5), standard (5), baghdadi (5), has (5), 1986 (5), abjadi (5), its (5), numerical (5), 240 (5), 144 (5), 172 (5), glyph (5), help (5), often (5), above (5), toggle (4), contents (4), search (4), additional (4), terms (4), commons (4), cs1 (4), spanish (4), missing (4), inscriptions (4), phonology (4), numerals (4), nun (4), dagesh (4), babylonian (4), braille (4), extinct (4), syrian (4), ancient (4), tunisian (4), moroccan (4), valley (4), western (4), links (4), macdonald (4), nimoy (4), leonard (4), original (4), sibilants (4), maghrebian (4), sound (4), d802 (4), 55298 (4), encodings (4), 239 (4), form (4), corresponds (4), greek (4), sometimes (4), right (4), when (4), phonemes (4), into (4), none (4), below (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), wikimedia (3), link (3), wikidata (3), welsh (3), paleo (3), lexicon (3), grammar (3), reference (3), israeli (3), waw (3), tiberian (3), kaf (3), scripts (3), orthography (3), transliteration (3), writing (3), their (3), encoding (3), maghrebi (3), pidgin (3), yemeni (3), maltese (3), pre (3), nabataean (3), related (3), book (3), jewish (3), spock (3), star (3), trek (3), more (3), evidence (3), thing (3), dictionary (3), etymological (3), shen (3), can (3), descended (3), 21st (3), notes (3), 4640 (3), 8527 (3), 2068 (3), utf (3), 148 (3), information (3), seen (3), initial (3), medial (3), final (3), isolated (3), usually (3), shape (3), different (3), alphabets (3), sha (3), 13th (3), some (3), one (3), side (3), will (3), sefer (3), significance (3), been (3), where (3), his (3), like (3), texts (3), version (3), create (3), hand (3), origin (3), represents (3), number (3), only (3), various (3), surviving (3), many (3), linguists (3), based (3), article (3), akkadian (3), consonants (3), tools (3), main (3), table (2), statement (2), contact (2), about (2), privacy (2), policy (2), under (2), may (2), using (2), use (2), last (2), 2026 (2), categories (2), category (2), including (2), maint (2), location (2), publisher (2), short (2), description (2), persian (2), northwest (2), testament (2), strong (2), gesenius (2), names (2), literature (2), keyboard (2), academy (2), academic (2), law (2), diacritics (2), mater (2), lectionis (2), full (2), niqqud (2), spelling (2), taw (2), resh (2), ayin (2), mem (2), teth (2), zayin (2), solitreo (2), cursive (2), rashi (2), gematria (2), varieties (2), thuluth (2), hijazi (2), root (2), case (2), jordanian (2), gulf (2), sanʽani (2), adeni (2), tripolitanian (2), iraqi (2), central (2), bedawi (2), hilal (2), hilalian (2), spoken (2), classical (2), literary (2), ṣad (2), alif (2), external (2), kogan (2), 2011 (2), isbn (2), international (2), 2025 (2), king (2), 182 (2), system (2), february (2), episode (2), not (2), forms (2), shown (2), resembling (2), cite (2), pdf (2), support (2), derived (2), mediaeval (2), xei (2), shei (2), historical (2), something (2), middle (2), transcribed (2), mathematical (2), notation (2), online (2), 2024 (2), שֵׁן (2), albright (2), alphabetic (2), 110 (2), 3218767 (2), references (2), mcdonald (2), doubt (2), formal (2), derivative (2), common (2), older (2), 28th (2), considered (2), 1000 (2), 68198 (2), 68230 (2), 67860 (2), 67668 (2), 66444 (2), numeric (2), 1220 (2), 214f (2), 0814 (2), 160 (2), 169 (2), 170 (2), decimal (2), imperial (2), ugaritic (2), symbol (2), preview (2), 64301 (2), 64300 (2), 64299 (2), 64298 (2), 1835 (2), 1588 (2), 1587 (2), 1513 (2), 171 (2), 216 (2), sheen (2), hour (2), any (2), military (2), commonly (2), acronym (2), department (2), term (2), security (2), general (2), corresponding (2), borrowed (2), such (2), hypothesized (2), single (2), current (2), universe (2), valleys (2), jerusalem (2), place (2), god (2), supplies (2), ventricle (2), shaddai (2), judaism (2), were (2), would (2), ephraimites (2), say (2), thus (2), bboleth (2), late (2), similar (2), meaning (2), pronounced (2), our (2), example (2), distinguished (2), second (2), always (2), without (2), fully (2), śawt (2), voiceless (2), fricative (2), serif (2), print (2), have (2), resolved (2), targum (2), dialects (2), exclusively (2), switch (2), takes (2), replaces (2), retains (2), 15th (2), equations (2), transcription (2), however (2), debate (2), descendant (2), but (2), etymologically (2), phonetic (2), soqotri (2), reconstructed (2), šin (2), phonemic (2), sinaitic (2), origins (2), gave (2), rise (2), twenty (2), first (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), subsection (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, september, utc, hidden, pronunciations, phonos, extension, plain, matches, urdu, https, org, index, php, title, shin_, oldid, 1375044355, arabic_shīn, 400, 200, 100, concordance, brown, driver, briggs, chaldee, scriptures, works, html, surnames, ulpan, study, revival, consecutive, segolate, suffixes, prefixes, roots, verbal, morphology, attenuation, philippi, shekel, sign, inverted, gershayim, geresh, cantillation, metheg, punctuation, plene, scriptum, abbreviations, rafe, maqqaf, mappiq, qibbus, shureq, holem, qames, pathah, segol, sere, hireq, shewa, qof, sade, samech, lamed, yod, heth, daleth, gimel, beth, alef, crowning, ashuri, eras, yemenite, mizrahi, italian, romaniote, sephardi, ashkenazi, reading, traditions, list, bible, manuscripts, papyri, writings, medieval, mishnaic, northern, dialect, parentheses, indicate, italics, islam, macarabic, dos, codepages, 864, 720, 711, 710, 709, 708, windows, 1256, iso, iec, 8859, technical, tawqi, taliq, sini, shahmukhi, ruqʽa, rasm, nastaliq, naskh, muhaqqaq, mashq, kufic, kairouani, jeli, jawi, diwani, ajami, calligraphy, quranic, corpus, triliteral, irab, imala, tajwid, sun, moon, linguistics, turku, madam, nubi, maridi, juba, bengali, bongor, bimbashi, pidgins, creoles, habban, beda, tunisene, wqal, kjal, bedouin, sociological, nigerian, chadian, shirvani, khorasani, kashkadarya, bukhara, bactrian, asian, others, tihami, taʽizzi, indonesian, hadhrami, shihhi, omani, najdi, group, yafiʽi, hejazi, qatari, khamseh, kuwaiti, emirati, bahraini, dhofari, bareqi, bahrani, peninsular, cypriot, anatolian, qeltu, shawi, khuzestani, gilit, mesopotamian, damascene, aleppine, lebanese, cilician, levantine, sudanese, saʽidi, nile, sulaym, libyan, maqil, nemadi, hassaniya, saharan, village, mountain, jebli, traras, msirda, lesser, kabylia, jijel, sfaxian, sahel, sahili, fessi, tunis, ceuta, urban, żurrieqi, żejtun, qormi, gozitan, cottenera, australian, sicilian, andalusi, islamic, mim, lam, qaf, ghayn, ayn, ḍad, zay, dhal, dal, kha, gim, tha, dagger, hamza, shaddah, tanwin, nunation, harakat, tashkil, ijam, influence, romanization, overviews, media, leonid, weninger, stefan, walter, gruyter, 151, 978, 025158, handbook, phonetics, zaki, salman, global, منظومة, الحروف, العربية, chapter, abcs, 168, 101, proceedings, seminar, studies, michael, narrator, 2014, yiddish, center, 2021, 2015, archived, live, long, prosper, story, behind, production, 1977, amok, time, series, distinct, dussaud, 1924, comprehensive, lerchundi, josé, 1872, madrid, rudimentos, del, árabe, vulgar, que, habla, imperio, marruecos, 2nd, hypothesis, ultimately, arabs, denote, quantity, compendium, res, radix, loosely, mathematicians, oxford, cajori, florian, 1993, courier, dover, publications, 383, nor, found, noah, webster, effect, abbreviation, ages, designate, then, prevailingly, 2012, october, 9780486677668, 382, terry, moore, why, schneider, roey, biblehub, com, 8127, august, database, šinn, 1948, early, sinai, decipherment, 163924917, s2cid, jstor, 2307, doi, bulletin, american, schools, oriental, research, 123, 117, 130, 149, occupied, arab, grammarian, adnan, khatib, correct, quoted, apparently, earliest, authorities, x1220, x10a66, x10a86, x10914, x10854, x1038c, x214f, x814, de66, 56934, de86, 56966, dd14, 56596, dc54, 56404, d800, df8c, 55296, 57228, 225, 136, 166, 134, 164, 161, 142, 140, 226, 133, 143, 224, 10a66, 10a86, 10914, 10854, 1038c, ethiopic, sza, source, shan, xfb2d, xfb2c, xfb2b, xfb2a, x72b, x634, x633, x5e9, 173, 220, 180, 179, 215, fb2d, fb2c, fb2b, fb2a, 072b, 0634, 0633, 05e9, possible, moment, action, context, expression, eleventh, hashin, parlance, battle, tank, divisions, armour, lit, shiryon, romanized, שִׁרְיוֹן, clash, despite, referring, former, remains, service, known, shabak, internal, bet, nearly, identical, given, includes, variety, suggested, directly, include, coptic, said, derive, emphasizing, similarity, century, kabbalistic, holds, pronunciation, held, four, pronged, box, world, flaws, teaches, absence, eventual, revelation, repair, teffilin, hatemunah, over, fire, formed, heaven, hot, year, head, soul, yetzirah, religious, applied, fact, comprise, city, geography, ben, hinnom, tyropoeon, these, converge, located, horizontal, line, fulfillment, passages, instructs, jews, celebrate, pasach, lord, choose, dwelling, niv, deuteronomy, temple, kidron, shema, yisrael, prayer, commands, israelites, write, commandments, hearts, deut, mimics, structure, human, lower, larger, body, smaller, lungs, positioned, lines, heart, scroll, parchment, select, whole, mezuzah, stands, each, hands, recites, mid, 1960s, actor, handed, gesture, vulcan, salute, priestly, blessing, kohen, tribe, could, differentiate, war, they, ask, suspected, ephraimite, exposed, shibboleth, shi, gileadites, ephraim, judges, seven, receive, crowns, called, tzadi, gimmel, torah, tagin, carries, specificity, faring, who, way, sheh, colloquial, together, contraction, asher, כּאשר, kaph, relative, pronouns, prefix, breakdown, namesake, yodh, nunh, gives, meaningful, interpreted, encompassing, fullness, degrees, circles, 360, geometrical, rapid, evolution, 8th, especially, helpful, date, les, écritures, phéniciennes, archaïques, 05c2, 05c1, prior, advent, ascendancy, superscript, developed, even, vocalized, because, silent, יִשָּׂשכָר, issachar, sibilant, reconstruction, thought, correspond, ɬanˈdɨdnɔ, llandudno, alveolar, lateral, phoneme, שִׁין, monospaced, sans, fonts, variants, orthographic, regardless, how, seems, universally, jehonathan, manuscript, archival, genizah, both, mandaic, zoar, christian, palmyrene, tell, halaf, עסר, gaonic, galilean, qumran, idumaean, ostraca, ezra, עשר, ten, ʿaśar, express, chose, either, freely, them, leaning, towards, samek, well, determined, never, 069c, ـڜـ, transliterate, loan, words, t͡ʃ, places, ṣād, sequence, algebraic, along, led, although, argue, ṯāʾ, khi, ʃajʔ, shayʾ, شيء, unlike, completely, separate, ـشـ, rather, than, comparing, mashriqi, meanwhile, placed, أَلِفْبَائِي, alifbāʾī, هِجَائِي, hijā, sāmek, contains, introductory, guide, symbols, distinction, brackets, delimiters, transcriptions, direction, development, alphabetical, values, type, usage, شين, merge, speakers, jibbali, voiced, tɬʼ, t͡s, rarely, tsʼ, emphatic, expressing, somewhat, complicated, due, mergers, nine, evolved, daughter, follows, coronal, expressed, continuants, pictogram, part, least, canaanite, inn, william, hieroglyph, turn, german, cognate, ethiopian, glagolitic, sigma, spelled, penultimate, abjads, derivatives, representation, geʽez, redirected, free, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, download, export, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, permanent, what, here, actions, talk, ئۇيغۇرچە, uyghurche, tagalog, ไทย, português, پنجابی, polski, македонски, italiano, bahasa, indonesia, فارسی, euskara, español, cebuano, català, brezhoneg, top, personal, special, recent, community, portal, learn, contribute, random, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
ects switch freely between them often leaning more often towards one or the other for example 14 ʿaśar ten old aramaic imperial aramaic middle aramaic palestinian aramaic babylonian aramaic עשר syrian inscriptions idumaean ostraca egyptian egyptian persian ezra qumran galilean gaonic jewish babylonian aramaic עסר tell halaf none recorded palmyrene syriac zoar christian palestinian aramaic mandaic both none recorded none recorded none recorded targum jehonathan original manuscript archival texts palestinian targum genizah samaritan late jewish literary aramaic regardless of how it is written ś in spoken aramaic seems to have universally resolved to s hebrew shin sin edit orthographic variants various print fonts cursive hebrew solitreo rashi script serif sans serif monospaced ש ש ש hebrew spelling שִׁין the hebrew s version according to the reconstruction shown above is descended from proto semitic ś a phoneme thought to correspond to a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative ɬ similar to welsh ll in llandudno welsh ɬanˈdɨdnɔ ⓘ see also hebrew phonology śawt sin and shin dot edit the hebrew letter represents two different phonemes a sibilant s like english s our and a ʃ like english sh oe prior to the advent and ascendancy of tiberian orthography the two were distinguished by a superscript samekh i e ש vs ש ס which later developed into the dot the two are distinguished by a dot above the left hand side of the letter for s and above the right hand side for ʃ in the biblical name issachar hebrew יִשָּׂשכָר only the second sin shin letter is always written without any dot even in fully vocalized texts this is because the second sin shin is always silent name symbol ipa transliteration example sin dot left שׂ s s s our shin dot right שׁ ʃ sh sh op unicode encoding edit glyph unicode name ׁ u 05c1 shin dot ׂ u 05c2 sin dot significance edit the rapid evolution of kaf mem shin from the 13th 8th c are especially helpful to date les écritures phéniciennes archaïques 15 16 in gematria shin represents the number 300 the breakdown of its namesake shin 300 yodh 10 nunh 50 gives the geometrical meaningful number 360 which can be interpreted as encompassing the fullness of the degrees of circles shin as a prefix commonly used in late biblical and modern hebrew language carries similar meaning as specificity faring relative pronouns in english that which and who when used this way it is pronounced as sheh ipa ʃɛ in colloquial hebrew kaph and shin together are a contraction of כּאשר ka asher as when shin is also one of the seven letters which receive crowns called tagin in a sefer torah see gimmel ayin teth nun zayin and tzadi according to judges 12 6 the tribe of ephraim could not differentiate between shin and samekh when the gileadites were at war with the ephraimites they would ask suspected ephraimites to say the word shi bboleth an ephraimite would say si bboleth and thus be exposed this episode is the origin of the english term shibboleth in judaism edit shin also stands for the word shaddai a name of god a kohen forms the letter shin with each of his hands as he recites the priestly blessing in the mid 1960s actor leonard nimoy used a single handed version of this gesture to create the vulcan hand salute for his character mr spock on star trek 17 18 the letter shin is often written on the case of a mezuzah a scroll of parchment containing select biblical texts sometimes the whole word shaddai will be written the shema yisrael prayer also commands the israelites to write god s commandments on their hearts deut 6 6 the shape of the letter shin mimics the structure of the human heart the lower larger left ventricle which supplies the full body and the smaller right ventricle which supplies the lungs are positioned like the lines of the letter shin a religious significance has been applied to the fact that there are three valleys that comprise the city of jerusalem s geography the valley of ben hinnom tyropoeon valley and kidron valley and that these valleys converge to also form the shape of the letter shin and that the temple in jerusalem is located where the dagesh horizontal line is this is seen as a fulfillment of passages such as deuteronomy 16 2 that instructs jews to celebrate the pasach at the place the lord will choose as a dwelling for his name niv in the sefer yetzirah the letter shin is king over fire formed heaven in the universe hot in the year and the head in the soul the 13th century kabbalistic text sefer hatemunah holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation held by some to be the four pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box is missing from the current alphabet the world s flaws the book teaches are related to the absence of this letter the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe in cyrillic edit the cyrillic letter sha is sometimes said to derive from the hebrew letter shin emphasizing the letters similarity the corresponding letter for the ʃ sound in cyrillic is nearly identical in shape to the hebrew shin given that the cyrillic script includes borrowed letters from a variety of different alphabets such as greek and latin it is often suggested that the letter sha is directly borrowed from the hebrew letter shin other hypothesized sources include coptic and samaritan hebrew terms containing shin edit shin bet is a commonly used acronym for the israeli department of internal general security despite referring to a former name of the department it remains the term usually used in english in modern hebrew and palestinian arabic the security service is known as the shabak a shin shin clash is israeli military parlance for a battle between two tank divisions from hebrew שִׁרְיוֹן romanized shiryon lit armour sh at hashin shin hour is the last possible moment for any action usually in a military context corresponds to the english expression eleventh hour syriac shin edit position in word isolated final medial initial glyph form help ܫ ـܫ ـܫ ـ ܫ ـ character encodings edit character information preview ש س ش ܫ שׁ שׂ שּׁ שּׂ unicode name hebrew letter shin arabic letter seen arabic letter sheen syriac letter shin hebrew letter shin with shin dot hebrew letter shin with sin dot hebrew letter shin with dagesh and shin dot hebrew letter shin with dagesh and sin dot encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 1513 u 05e9 1587 u 0633 1588 u 0634 1835 u 072b 64298 u fb2a 64299 u fb2b 64300 u fb2c 64301 u fb2d utf 8 215 169 d7 a9 216 179 d8 b3 216 180 d8 b4 220 171 dc ab 239 172 170 ef ac aa 239 172 171 ef ac ab 239 172 172 ef ac ac 239 172 173 ef ac ad numeric character reference 1513 x5e9 1587 x633 1588 x634 1835 x72b 64298 xfb2a 64299 xfb2b 64300 xfb2c 64301 xfb2d character information preview ࠔ 𐎌 𐡔 𐤔 𐪆 𐩦 ሠ unicode name samaritan letter shan symbol for samaritan source ugaritic letter shen imperial aramaic letter shin phoenician letter shin old north arabian letter es 2 old south arabian letter shin ethiopic letter sza encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 2068 u 0814 8527 u 214f 66444 u 1038c 67668 u 10854 67860 u 10914 68230 u 10a86 68198 u 10a66 4640 u 1220 utf 8 224 160 148 e0 a0 94 226 133 143 e2 85 8f 240 144 142 140 f0 90 8e 8c 240 144 161 148 f0 90 a1 94 240 144 164 148 f0 90 a4 94 240 144 170 134 f0 90 aa 86 240 144 169 166 f0 90 a9 a6 225 136 160 e1 88 a0 utf 16 2068 0814 8527 214f 55296 57228 d800 df8c 55298 56404 d802 dc54 55298 56596 d802 dd14 55298 56966 d802 de86 55298 56934 d802 de66 4640 1220 numeric character reference 2068 x814 8527 x214f 66444 x1038c 67668 x10854 67860 x10914 68230 x10a86 68198 x10a66 4640 x1220 see also edit sin letter notes edit the position of arabic shīn ش is 21st in the common abjadi order according to the arab grammarian adnan al khatib it s the older and more correct order 2 and the 28th in the maghrebian abjadi order quoted by apparently earliest authorities and considered older according to macdonald its numerical value is 300 in the common abjadi order and 1000 in the maghrebian abjad order 3 its sound value is a ʃ according to mcdonald 1986 there can be no doubt that ش is a formal derivative of س and that س is descended from 𐡔 4 which is occupied by ص ṣad in the maghrebian abjadi order references edit kogan 2011 p 54 al baghdadi 2025 pp 182 macdonald 1986 pp 117 130 149 1 2 macdonald 1986 p 123 albright w f 1948 the early alphabetic inscriptions from sinai and their decipherment bulletin of the american schools of oriental research 110 110 6 22 p 15 doi 10 2307 3218767 jstor 3218767 s2cid 163924917 šinn tooth semitic etymological database online retrieved 19 august 2024 strong s hebrew 8127 שֵׁן shen tooth biblehub com retrieved 2026 02 18 schneider roey 2024 the semitic sibilants the semitic sibilants 31 33 36 terry moore why is x the unknown online etymological dictionary cajori florian 1993 a history of mathematical notation courier dover publications pp 382 383 isbn 9780486677668 retrieved 11 october 2012 nor is there historical evidence to support the statement found in noah webster s dictionary under the letter x to the effect that x was used as an abbreviation of ar shei a thing something which in the middle ages was used to designate the unknown and was then prevailingly transcribed as xei oxford dictionary 2nd ed there is no evidence in support of the hypothesis that x is derived ultimately from the mediaeval transliteration xei of shei thing used by the arabs to denote the unknown quantity or from the compendium for l res thing or radix root resembling a loosely written x used by mediaeval mathematicians de lerchundi josé 1872 rudimentos del árabe vulgar que se habla en el imperio de marruecos pdf in spanish madrid pp 5 26 95 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link the comprehensive aramaic lexicon dussaud 1924 two distinct forms of the phoenician shin are shown the later more resembling hebrew s star trek the original series episode 30 amok time production 34 and i am not spock leonard nimoy 1977 nimoy leonard narrator february 6 2014 live long and prosper the jewish story behind spock leonard nimoy s star trek character yiddish book center archived from the original on 2021 12 13 retrieved february 27 2015 sources edit macdonald michael c a 1986 abcs and letter order in ancient north arabian proceedings of the seminar for arabian studies 16 101 168 al baghdadi zaki 2025 chapter 5 منظومة الحروف العربية the arabic alphabet system in arabic king salman global academy for arabic language p 182 kogan leonid 2011 proto semitic phonology and phonetics in weninger stefan ed the semitic languages an international handbook walter de gruyter pp 54 151 isbn 978 3 11 025158 6 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to shin letter v t e arabic language overviews language alphabet history romanization numerals influence on other languages scripts nabataean script arabic script ancient north arabian ancient south arabian script arabic numerals eastern numerals arabic braille algerian braille maltese braille diacritics ijam tashkil harakat nunation tanwin shaddah hamza dagger alif maltese alphabet letters alif ba ta tha gim ḥa kha dal dhal ra zay sin shin ṣad ḍad ṭa ẓa ayn ghayn fa qaf kaf lam mim nun ha waw ya varieties pre islamic proto arabic nabataean arabic old arabic old hijazi arabic pre classical arabic literary classical modern standard modern spoken maghrebi pre hilalian andalusi sicilian maltese australian cottenera gozitan qormi żejtun żurrieqi urban ceuta tunis north eastern tunisian fessi village eastern sahili sahel sfaxian jijel lesser kabylia western traras msirda jebli mountain judeo maghrebi judeo moroccan judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian hilalian central hilal algerian judeo algerian algerian saharan eastern algerian eastern hilal tunisian maqil hassaniya nemadi moroccan eastern western western algerian sulaym libyan western egyptian bedawi nile valley egyptian saʽidi sudanese levantine north cilician lebanese syrian aleppine damascene south jordanian palestinian mesopotamian gilit baghdadi khuzestani shawi south north qeltu anatolian cypriot judeo iraqi baghdadi peninsular bahrani bareqi bedawi dhofari gulf bahraini emirati kuwaiti khamseh qatari hejazi k group yafiʽi najdi omani shihhi yemeni hadhrami indonesian sanʽani taʽizzi adeni tihami judeo yemeni others central asian bactrian bukhara kashkadarya khorasani shirvani chadian nigerian sociological bedouin arabic judeo arabic judeo algerian judeo egyptian judeo iraqi baghdadi judeo moroccan kjal wqal judeo palestinian judeo syrian judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian tunisene judeo yemeni adeni beda habban sanʽani creoles and pidgins bimbashi bongor gulf pidgin jordanian bengali pidgin juba maridi nubi pidgin madam turku academic literature names linguistics standard arabic phonology sun and moon letters tajwid imala irab case grammar triliteral root mater lectionis ipa quranic arabic corpus calligraphy script ajami script diwani hijazi script jawi script jeli thuluth kairouani kufic maghrebi mashq muhaqqaq naskh script nastaliq rasm ruqʽa script shahmukhi sini script taliq script tawqi thuluth technical arabic keyboard arabic script in unicode iso iec 8859 6 windows 1256 ms dos codepages 708 709 710 711 720 864 macarabic encoding other islam and arabic language italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left category v t e hebrew language history biblical northern dialect mishnaic medieval modern writing alphabet history transliteration to english from english gematria ancient hebrew writings inscriptions papyri list of hebrew bible manuscripts reading traditions ashkenazi sephardi romaniote italian mizrahi syrian yemenite samaritan tiberian extinct palestinian extinct babylonian extinct orthography eras biblical scripts rashi braille ashuri cursive crowning paleo hebrew samaritan solitreo alphabet alef beth gimel daleth he waw zayin heth teth yod kaf lamed mem nun samech ayin pe sade qof resh shin taw niqqud tiberian babylonian palestinian samaritan shewa hireq sere segol pathah qames holem qibbus shureq dagesh mappiq maqqaf rafe sin shin dot spelling with niqqud missing full mater lectionis abbreviations plene scriptum punctuation diacritics metheg cantillation geresh gershayim inverted nun shekel sign numerals phonology biblical hebrew modern hebrew philippi s law law of attenuation grammar biblical modern verbal morphology semitic roots prefixes suffixes segolate waw consecutive academic revival academy study ulpan keyboard hebrew israeli literature names surnames unicode and html reference works gesenius hebrew grammar gesenius hebrew and chaldee lexicon to the old testament scriptures brown driver briggs strong s concordance hebrew and aramaic lexicon of the old testament v t e the northwest semitic abjad ʾ b g d h w z ḥ ṭ y k l m n s ʿ p ṣ q r š t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 ...