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reproducibility skip to main content menu search home overview research foundations academic self help write paper quiz for kids your code login sign up menu search login you must have javascript enabled to use this form username password forgot password leave this field blank search over 500 articles on psychology science and experiments search form search leave this field blank home overview research methods experiments design statistics foundations reasoning philosophy ethics history academic psychology biology physics medicine anthropology self help self esteem worry social anxiety sleep anxiety write paper quiz for kids your code english español home research methods reproducibility reproducibility martyn shuttleworth 101 2k reads reproducibility is regarded as one of the foundations of the entire scientific method a benchmark upon which the reliability of an experiment can be tested this article is a part of the guide select from one of the other courses available scientific method research design research basics experimental research sampling validity and reliability write a paper biological psychology child development stress coping motivation and emotion memory learning personality social psychology experiments science projects for kids survey guide philosophy of science reasoning ethics in research ancient history renaissance enlightenment medical history physics experiments biology experiments zoology statistics beginners guide statistical conclusion statistical tests distribution in statistics discover 21 more articles on this topic don t miss these related articles validity and reliability definition of reliability types of validity construct validity content validity browse full outline 1 validity and reliability 2 types of validity 3 external validity 3 1 population validity 3 2 ecological validity 4 internal validity 5 test validity 5 1 criterion validity 5 1 1 concurrent validity 5 1 2 predictive validity 6 content validity 7 construct validity 7 1 convergent and discriminant validity 8 face validity 9 definition of reliability 10 test retest reliability 10 1 reproducibility 10 2 replication study 11 interrater reliability 12 internal consistency reliability 13 instrument reliability 1 validity and reliability 2 types of validity 3 external validity 4 internal validity 5 test validity 6 content validity 7 construct validity 8 face validity 9 definition of reliability 10 test retest reliability 11 interrater reliability 12 internal consistency reliability 13 instrument reliability the basic principle is that for any research program an independent researcher should be able to replicate the experiment under the same conditions and achieve the same results this gives a good guide to whether there were any inherent flaws within the experiment and ensures that the researcher paid due diligence to the process of experimental design a replication study ensures that the researcher constructs a valid and reliable methodology and analysis reproducibility vs repeatability reproducibility is different to repeatability where the researchers repeat their experiment to test and verify their results reproducibility is tested by a replication study which must be completely independent and generate identical findings known as commensurate results ideally the replication study should utilize slightly different instruments and approaches to ensure that there was no equipment malfunction if a type of measuring device has a design flaw then it is likely that this artefact will be apparent in all models the process of replicating research for most of the physical sciences reproducibility is a simple process and it is easy to replicate methods and equipment an astronomer measuring the spectrum of a star notes down the instruments and methodology used and an independent researcher should be able to achieve exactly the same results even in biochemistry where naturally variable living organisms are used good research shows remarkably little variation however the social sciences ecology and environmental science are a much more difficult case organisms can show a huge amount of variation making it difficult to replicate research exactly and so reproducibility is a process of attempting to make the experiment as reproducible as possible ensuring that the researcher can defend their position in addition these sciences have to make much more use of statistics to dampen down experimental noise caused by physiological and psychological differences between the subjects this is one of the reasons why most social sciences accept a 95 probability level which is a contrast to the 99 confidence required by most physical sciences reproducibility and generalization a cautious approach observing due caution with the process of generalizing results helps to strengthen the case for experimental reproducibility in any study there is a far smaller chance of finding confounding evidence if the claims are narrowly defined than if they are sweeping generalizations for example a psychologist who found that aggression in children under the age of five increased if they watched violent tv could generalize that all children under five would display the same condition extending this to all children means that the experiment is prone to replication issues a researcher finding that aggression did not increase in nine year old children would invalidate the entire premise by questioning the reproducibility reproducibility is not essential it is important to understand that creating replicable research is not essential for validity although it does help sometimes due to sheer impracticality temporal difficulties or expense this is not possible the framingham heart study an experiment testing three generations of nurses for cardiac issues has been going on for over 60 years and nobody is seriously expected to replicate it instead results from other studies around the world are used to build up a database of statistical evidence supporting the findings reproducibility an impossible ideal many scientists argue that reproducibility is not an important factor for many sciences observing natural phenomena such as astronomy geology and notoriously evolution the rise of the intelligent design movement has seen evolutionary science under attack because creationists claim that evolution is not reproducible and therefore it is not valid this has opened up an intense debate about the role of replication study as for example a geologist cannot very well recreate conditions found on the primordial earth and observe rocks metamorphosing however creationists misunderstand the idea of reproducibility and assume that it applies to an entire theory in fact this is incorrect and it is a manipulation of scientific practices replicating research only applies to a specific experiment or observation reproducibility and specificity a geological example if i go into the greek mountains and observe trilobite fossils lying above ammonite fossils i assume that trilobites came later than ammonites however a more talented geologist than i later travels to exactly the same place and points out that the rocks there are deformed and twisted 180 degrees so my observations were the wrong way around my field study was reproducible in that another researcher could come and try to replicate my observations looking at the process from the other angle imagine that an astronomer discovers a planet circling around a distant star nobody is suggesting that he builds a gaseous cloud and waits a few billion years for matter to accrete and an identical solar system to form because that would be absurd performing a replication study would involve other astronomers observing the star to try to find the planets showing that there really are planets and that the original astronomer had no equipment malfunction reproducibility and archaeology the absurdity of creationism when arthur evans discovered knossos on crete and proposed that there was an ancient advanced minoan civilization nobody suggested that he should recreate such a civilization and see if they built an identical city absurd as it may seem this is the type of assumption that proponents of creationism make looking at this process in reverse if a team of builders builds an exact replica of knossos it does not prove that such a civilization existed although it would be a useful exercise in looking at some of the techniques used by ancient builders allowing archaeologists to refine their ideas to suggest otherwise really is a deliberate misunderstanding and warping of the scientific method ultimately if creationists use the argument that evolution is wrong because it is not reproducible then they destroy their own argument if evolutionary processes cannot be subjected to replicable research neither can intelligent design so their argument founders on its own presumptions surely proponents of id need to recreate the six days of genesis before their ideas can be accepted by science bibliography rosen j 2008 symmetry rules how science and nature are founded on symmetry berlin germany springer verlag pickering a 1995 beyond constraint the temporality of practice and the historicity of knowledge in j z buchwald ed scientific practice theories and stories of doing physics 42 86 chicago university of chicago press check out our quiz page with tests about psychology 101 science flags and countries capitals and countries previous article test retest reliability back to overview validity and reliability next article replication study full reference martyn shuttleworth jun 14 2009 reproducibility retrieved aug 19 2026 from explorable com https explorable com reproducibility you are allowed to copy the text the text in this article is licensed under the creative commons license attribution 4 0 international cc by 4 0 this means you re free to copy share and adapt any parts or all of the text in the article as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link reference to this page that is it you don t need our permission to copy the article just include a link reference back to this page you can use it freely with some kind of link and we re also okay with people reprinting in publications like books blogs newsletters course material papers wikipedia and presentations with clear attribution related articles related pages replication in research validity and reliability test retest reliability this article is a part of the guide select from one of the other courses available scientific method research design research basics experimental research sampling validity and reliability write a paper biological psychology child development stress coping motivation and emotion memory learning personality social psychology experiments science projects for kids survey guide philosophy of science reasoning ethics in research ancient history renaissance enlightenment medical history physics experiments biology experiments zoology statistics beginners guide statistical conclusion statistical tests distribution in statistics discover 21 more articles on this topic don t miss these related articles validity and reliability definition of reliability types of validity construct validity content validity browse full outline 1 validity and reliability 2 types of validity 3 external validity 3 1 population validity 3 2 ecological validity 4 internal validity 5 test validity 5 1 criterion validity 5 1 1 concurrent validity 5 1 2 predictive validity 6 content validity 7 construct validity 7 1 convergent and discriminant validity 8 face validity 9 definition of reliability 10 test retest reliability 10 1 reproducibility 10 2 replication study 11 interrater reliability 12 internal consistency reliability 13 instrument reliability save this course for later don t have time for it all now no problem save it as a course and come back to it later add to my courses 1 validity and reliability 2 types of validity 3 external validity 4 internal validity 5 test validity 6 content validity 7 construct validity 8 face validity 9 definition of reliability 10 test retest reliability 11 interrater reliability 12 internal consistency reliability 13 instrument reliability footer bottom footer links about faq terms privacy policy contact site map complete collection like explorable take it with you wherever you go thank you to innovation norway the research council of norway this project has received funding from the european union s horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 827736 subscribe share subscribe to our rss feed like us on facebook follow us on twitter explorable com 2008 2026 you are free to copy share and adapt any text in the article as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link reference to this page