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Text of the page (random words):
perating a hydrocracker shutdowns were frequent at each hydrocracker being needs 2 or more times per year so for a large oil refiner like chevron there were dozens of shutdowns every year and a shutdown was a very major negative to the bottomline my first stab was to do a liquid chromatographic separation of the recycle oil to see what pahs were produced in the process from starting conditions of a new hydrocracking catalyst and only pristine feed that had aromatics of only 1 or 2 rings the first finding was that 3 ring phenanthrene slowly formed and increased in concentration the isomeric anthracene was never found then after phenanthrene reached levels of hundreds of a few tenths of a percent the 4 ring pah pyrene was seen as parts per million levels but there was none of the isomeric fluoranthrene nor any of the less condensed c18h12 isomers of tetracene benz a anthracene chrysene or triphenylene the only 5 ring pah found was benzo e pyrene the only 6 ring pah found was benzo ghi perylene this was despite that there were numerous possible pahs of 5 or 6 rings each pah structure has a complex and unique uv visible absorbance spectrum so identifying what was not there and there was simple this is shown in the illustration above my first discovery was that the randomness of ring additions was a myth prepping for grad school to get the advisor you want july 9 2023 posted by fetzthechemist in uncategorized add a comment most students think that getting accepted by the grad school program they wanted is the last major step before the on site tasks that lead to being in their hoped for research group this often lets them be surprised by one step tht can be a great help or a great hindrance the exams that most chemistry departments give to incoming grad students before the school year begins that is their main reason for having beginning grad students show up a week or so before the term begins they caqll it orientation or some such but they have a battery of exams usually focused on the main branches of chemistry thgeir goal is to assess each student s real knowledge level since every college or university worldwide has different requirements emphases and course offerings with the added differences of each student s choice of courses to take or not take their aptitude in each discipline each grad student may or may not be ready for the graduate level courses offered they may or may not be reacy for cumes or whatever qualifying tests for a doctoral program the department has not knowing this most students just show up expecting an orientation and get hit by these exams they have nor refreshed their knowledge since taking the gre some do miserably and the result is having to take the specified undergrad courses in order to prove capability for this department s graduate courses that can be time added onto the grad0 school duration it can give a false image to the professors of that student s possibilities the contrary is also true doing well on them gets a student noticed they might find more doors open when they are choosing a research advisory i did extremely well on mine years ago and the professors knew who i was out of the more than 25 other beginning grad students a caveat too do not assume beforehand that you will get into the research group you want big names can be choosy research funding is limited the professor may not be who you thought you would find they are people and you might find that a big name has a personality than you are not compatible with or that may not like you getting into a chemistry grad school program things before applying july 3 2023 posted by fetzthechemist in uncategorized add a comment chemistry grad school programs operate in a familiar way that most students do not know it is very much like undergrad sports programs a limited number of slots lots of funds for support that are given out based on potential and the desire of the program to have the best people it can and there are clocks ticking each chemistry department has a target number of opening you as a student do not know how many this is so you do not know how easy or hard it may be to get in you are not guaranteed any monies when applying the department decides what type of support you are offered and at what amounts teaching assistantships are the most common form but there are levels in amounts of money offered there also are fellowships and other funding that require different roles for the student often with very much smaller time requirements instead of teaching for several hours per week you might be a grader or proctor for exams you might be a tutor for undergrads who need help you might only have to help ewnroll students on registration days with all of this the better you look to a grad school the more you may be offered if you have a strong transcript loaded with advanced and especially graduate level courses you look stronger as soon as is possible as an undergrad you ought to be taking or even just sitting in on grad courses for no grade or only a pass fail mark doing honors research is also a plus since grad schools have limited numbers of openings take any exams such as the graduate record exam as early as you can that helps you apply earlier a very strong candidate might get an offer early and that leaves fewer slots for late appliers to try to win applying in january is way too late as far as where to apply that is not just what research is being done by certain professors you do not know if that professor will even be there the following year when you arrive professors to move around have contingencies choose a department where there are several possible good research groups besides those of the big name you might dream of working for do not just aim for your ideal few schools you do not know who your competition is or how they look to those departments apply to a few good departments that you know you should get into in addition to the ones you know are more competitive if you are not accepted by all of the latter group you will still be in grad school the year you want to be if not you have one whole year to retry for those who rejected you and you lose one year in getting your advanced degree when you might have if you do get accepted by several strong schools you may be desirable enough to get in a recruiting battle schools might change their offers to attract you changing teaching assistance into one of the other forms that will demand less time and work on you they will often offer to give you a trip to see their department and meet their faculty getting a great grad school position is not just applying and waiting to see how it plays out you can influence your chances and what goes on although i went through this a long time ago the overall process has not changed very much i had lots of grad level classes on my transcript which did affect my gpa and some schools did not take that into account but most did i had a 99 percentile in the chemistry gre i had a fellowship for most of my offer from the school i went to which also made me more attractive to professors because their research funding did not have to support me how to get into the chemistry grad program you want july 1 2023 posted by fetzthechemist in uncategorized add a comment this is a heads up that i will be writing several pieces aimed at undergraduate chemistry students as advice in advancing their careers i am composing 2 or 3 articles on the first topic of getting into your desired grad school the things to do and the things to expect academia in the usa and us patent law may 30 2022 posted by fetzthechemist in uncategorized add a comment once upon a time i was the main writer and editor of a career development column in a scientific journal was called building a professional career and was publish regularly in the springer verlag journal analytical and bioanalytical chemistry i had had carte blache from the editor and editorial board to write on any topic or to solicit articles from people on topics i thought they could contribute i wrote over 50 such articles occasionally i would use this to review books that i thought were useful to research chemists one such was book review chris p miller and mark j evans the chemist s companion guide to patent law j c fetzer anal bioanal chem 399 1009 1010 2011 having worked in industry and being inventor or co inventor on 3 us patents i knew pretty well how a lot of patent law worked employees doing research and development were exposed to the patent process and to patent law and companies train their employees on how to conduct research to comply with those american academia has never been very aware of this until the past couple of decades when professors and universities realized the immense wealth involved in patenting research but academia had a history and mindset that was not attuned to generating patents who was the generator of ideas was often not documented let alone with detailed proof of the ideas the proofs and especially their timing was nowhere near what was done in industry as academia moved into applying for and gaining patents they also found that competitors both in industry and in other academic institutions were going to the us patent office or to the courts to contest patents on numerous grounds some of these involved the timing as the shoddy record keeping in academic research groups often did not have proof of a legal standing notebooks were not organized clearly to prove their validity little or no dating and even less for witnessing was done as proof changes and erasures abounded with no explanation or clarity as to why and what had been there previously et cetera assignation of inventors was mirky and had little record keeping a holdover from the research professor s power to assign authorships for submitted research papers that allowed whims biases and preferences all of these led to numerous judgements invalidating patents that universities and professors held so thus the need for the book the article generally was met favorably but some american academicians were upset and one a prominent atomic spectroscopist who was a member of the advisory board of the journal which i had also been for over a dozen years prior to becoming the column editor and i will call gary h for the purpose of this story was livid he thought the whole parts about patent law saying that since graduate students and post docs were working on projects where a professor had generated funding for the research then they were in the same role as an employee in private industry particularly if they are paid to do the research the case for many grad students and almost all post docs this contrasts with the old school mentality in academic research that everyone is a team member blah blah blah gary h contacted the journal editor and complained that i had too much freedom to publish personal opinions without review he opined that my articles should be reviewed by members of the advisory board in a form of peer review there were many dozen of advisory board members so he suggested a small committee which he volunteered to initially lead gary h was wrong in that there had been review by the editor and editorial staff for my articles as well as any others from guest contributors that i had invited to write for the column the editor contacted me i explained that it was not personal opinion but from a section of the book meant to inform professors that as far as in writing and applying for us patents members of a research group work for the professor i then also offered to only write a small number of future articles and to rely on guest authors much more i had been growing more tired of writing these articles after several years i decided to shift to that role and only wrote a small handful of articles over the next decade of being an editor for that column and its successors thanks gary h the weirdest research i ever did may 14 2022 posted by fetzthechemist in uncategorized add a comment i have done a wide variety of research i have had both a curious mind and one that thinks of how to extend the current knowledge the fields of this have been mainly in chemistry but in a range of topics that is much wider than is usual i will touch on one of the most arcane ones saturated hydrocarbons can occur in 2 main forms chains and rings in both a carbon atom s 4 single bonds are connected to either other carbon atoms or to hydrogen atoms i read somewhere that unlike other common hydrocarbons cyclohexane had a very small amount of what chemists call polarity wikipedia says in chemistry polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end the others have either none are an infinitesimally amount the ring structure warps the bonds enough that their electrons can interact that little bit more so i had the idea that i would try to separate saturated ring compounds like cyclohexane but with more rings by their polarity differences separation by polarity while using a liquid medium is commonly done by normal phase liquid chromatography lc routine normal phase lc is done with a saturated hydrocarbon liquid phase what i needed was a very non polar liquid phase and an extremely polar column packing phase to accentuate those tiny differences the liquid phase needed to be even less polar than a saturated hydrocarbon freons are such molecules being a carbon skeleton surrounded by fluorine atoms instead of hydrogens pure freons however are too non polar and the ringed saturated hydrocarbons would not dissolve in them trifluorotrichloroethane tftce will dissolve them and mixes with freons so i used a blend of tftce and a perfluoroheptane these are some of the compounds i used to develop the separation i needed a highly polar column material es industries sold a tetranitrofluoreni phase at that time an aromatic moiety with 4 nitro groups on its periphery this was extremely polar column the combination of a very non polar fluorinated solvent sytem and a very polar column phase meant that compounds of even the tiniest of polarities would interact and be retained by the column so that s what i did relying on the very miniscule polarity of cyclohexane type rings to separate these multicyclic hydrocarbons my best time at being an expert witness april 19 2022 posted by fetzthechemist in uncategorized add a comment i was reminded of this by a memory post i made on facebook 10 years ago it was a case were the plaintiffs the side i was hired to work for claimed health effects from their workplace this was probably my hallmark expert witness case out of the couple of dozen or so that i have been involved in my facebook comment was that the expert report that i was writing had reached 50 pages in length the report ended up being 59 single spaced pages with a lot of chemical structures inserted when needed a 12 hour de...