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Text of the page (random words):
xpert process to develop an equity reference framework that is suitable to the evaluation of national pledges this framework would have to be designed to maximize both ambition and participation parties when making pledges would be guided by the knowledge that these would be evaluated within both the science and equity reviews parties would of course be free to accept or reject the guidance provided by such an framework but be clear they would do so against a background in which the possibility of cooperation and ambition is obvious to all even while it eludes our collective grasp even as the suffering and destruction increasingly surrounds us on every side they would not be thanked for their trouble how to think about such an equity review the first point is that the demands of equity have already been agreed this is true at the level of the convention s keystone text on cbdr rc and it s true of the four fundamental equity principles ambition responsibility capacity and development need that underlie the principle of cbdr rc and of course our shared vision of equitable access to sustainable development as well none of this is going to change nor should it climate after all is a global commons problem the cooperation needed to solve it can only exist if the regime as it actually unfolds in actions on the ground is widely seen as being not only fair enough but an actual positive driver of developmental justice around the world what is needed is dynamic equity spectrum approach this is our key point and here i must note that a dynamic equity spectrum approach would be entirely consistent with the principles of the convention and in particular with the principle of cbdr rc a renegotiation or rewriting of that principle or any other convention principle is not needed rather the opposite such an approach as this would give life and meaning to the principles of the convention there will be skepticism about a process as ambitious as the one i propose but do note that equity frameworks based upon indicators that transparently represent the principles of ambition responsibility capacity and development need are actually pretty easy to model 1 and note as well that a generic non equity based spectrum approach one that is for example confined to the type and scale of commitments will not suffice we need an equity spectrum a spectrum without equity will not work in fact it would be an invitation to free riding it would not give us a way forward more thinking hard about equity reference frameworks march 13 2013 the mitigation action plans and scenarios project in south africa recently organized an interesting workshop on equitable access to sustainable development the public report of the workshop is here and it s worth spending some time with particularly because of the depth and sophistication with which it engaged with the problem of equity reference frameworks which here we believe for the first time have an acronym erf of course see in particular the report from the workshop reflections on operationalizing easd and the background paper on equity reference frameworks and their operationalization by xolisa ngwadla of the south african cou ncil for scientific and industrial research ngwadla introduces the idea of equity reference frameworks in this manner the underlying philosophy for an erf is the universal application of egalitarian principle to guide a distributive view that seeks to address historical current and potential inequities in respect of contribution to emissions and as such is corrective in character and distributive in approach in respect of the metric non metric chasm a stepwise consideration is proposed where there is an ex ante assessment of fair effort in a non binding framework with binding commitments proposed by parties and therefore catering to national circumstances however the process of inscribing such commitments includes a party driven process to assess the adequacy of proposed commitments against the computed fair efforts and as such drive ambition whilst reconciling a top down and bottom up approach an important characteristic of the output of the erf is that it reflects a relative fair effort by a party without prescribing only a level of emission reduction but expecting a total contribution that includes means of implementation thereby providing flexibility in terms of the mix of commitments a party can use to achieve its responsibility at any given temperature goal more the climate action network s new interpretation of cbdrrc march 1 2013 the next round of the climate negotiations are now proceeding in earnest and they re taking place within civil society networks as well one of those networks the most established and extensive of all those working within the climate talks is the international climate action network which consists of over 700 ngos from around the world and can as it is called has now agreed on its own positions which will be the basis of its future lobbying and outreach these positions are represented by two submissions to the unfccc secretariat the submission to workstream 1 which covers the post 2020 regime that is now being negotiated is here the submission to workstream 2 which covers the effort to increase ambition prior to 2020 is here the big news is in the workstream 1 submission which starts right off with the equity issue specifically it outlines the core equity principles that are embodied in the convention and then proceeds to give in 399 words a new interpretation of cbdrrc to wit can believes that the adp negotiations the post durban round of talks can only succeed if they reaffirm and embody the principles of differentiated responsibility and capability as well as other key equity principles and goals like equitable access to sustainable development as a step towards that end can calls upon the parties to consider a new dynamic principle and indicator driven interpretation of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities more precisely can believes that the parties should seek a new approach to global differentiation that is transparently based upon explicit and clearly stated equity principles and upon indicators that embody those principles not that such an approach can alone define national obligations but it can productively inform the negotiations and it can help to shape a common understanding a shared vision of the equity challenge parties should consider various approaches one possibility is a hierarchical approach in which the existing annexes are reworked and then subdivided into finer annexes another is a spectrum approach in which all countries are assigned values on an agreed equity index what is critical is that the equity principles that underlie any proposed approach be specified embodied in well designed indicators and used to estimate a set of national obligations for both mitigation and international financial and technical support in the spectrum approach the equity index would be composed of a basket of more specific equity indictors this basket would have to contain well designed indicators that taken together measure both responsibility and capacity it could include inter alia measures of per capita income measures of per capita emissions measures of standards of living measures of historical responsibility and measures of intranational income inequality such an approach would not preclude country groupings like today s annexes in fact it would make such groupings more coherent for example the set of countries that is high in capacity and responsibility would change over time an important fact given that such countries are candidates for ambitious legally binding economy wide quantified emissions reduction targets of course many other kinds of commitments are also possible and desirable obvious examples include renewable energy and or energy efficiency targets and sectoral targets all of which could have various kinds and degrees of bindingness also it should be noted that some kinds of actions for example nationally appropriate mitigation actions can be explicitly contingent on financial and technical support finally it must be said that all commitments and actions should be amenable to measurement more the north south divide equity and development november 10 2012 the what next forum in sweden has just published a nice up to date overview of greenhouse development rights many thanks to niclas hällström for pushing us to put it together weighing in at about ten thousand words the north south divide equity and development the need for trust building for emergency mobilization is now the best single introduction and overview of gdrs around and we re very glad to have it we re particularly glad because this essay contains an extended discussion of how gdrs as an equity reference framework could help us navigate a trust and momentum building transition to the high ambition mobilization that we so desperately need by the way this new gdrs overview is part of a book length collection of rare relevance called what next volume iii climate development and equity take a good look at the table of contents page there s lots of excellent stuff here high equity low equity and the equity band march 12 2015 the climate equity reference calculator estimates national fair shares of the global mitigation effort based on each country s capacity and responsibility according to user choices across a number of key equity settings in both the recent national fair shares report and the comparable effort worksheet results are presented in terms of an equity band that spans a broad set of possible equity settings and thus gives an instructively comprehensive range of results for each country this equity band is bounded by a low equity setting on one side and a high equity setting on the other while such limits cannot be uniquely and objectively established they are defined here in a way that captures meaningfully distinct perspectives on two hotly debated issues in climate equity the first is the level of progressivity that is appropriate to a definition of national capacity and the second is appropriate time frame for considering a nation s historic responsibility in this memo we briefly describe how the high equity setting and low equity setting and an intermediate medium equity setting are defined along these two dimensions capacity and progressivity the calculator defines national capacity in terms of income income is typically considered in a progressive manner in national tax policy analogously it can be considered in a progressive manner for the purposes of defining capacity in general we consider three alternative settings in the no progressivity case all income within a nation counts toward its capacity there is no income threshold below which individual income is exempted from national capacity rather when calculating capacity each dollar of income even for the poorest of the world s people counts as much as each dollar of the world s richest importantly this setting is inconsistent with the conventional progressive approach that virtually all societies have adopted for the purpose of income taxation and it is difficult if not impossible to justify in equity terms nonetheless we include it here as a lower bound in the weak progressivity case there is a low income threshold below which individual income is exempted from the calculation of national capacity 1 this weak case is used to define medium progressivity cases in which the development threshold is set at 7 500 approximately 20 day this level is just a bit above a global poverty line that reflects empirical observations so it too should be taken as a low estimate of medium progressivity in the high progressivity case a lower income threshold is set at 7 500 as in the weak progressivity case with income above this threshold counting toward national capacity at a steadily rising rate until it reaches an upper income threshold of 50 000 above which all income is counted towards national capacity these settings increase the overall progressivity of the income calculation just as a graduated tax schedule raises the progressivity of an income tax 2 historical responsibility and time frame the calculator defines national responsibility in terms of cumulative emissions a key setting then is the initial year from which historic emissions are included in the reckoning of a country s responsibility we consider three alternative settings here the low case is defined as responsibility since 1990 this date corresponds roughly to the time when negotiations for an international legal agreement to limit ghgs began in earnest and the risks of rising ghgs were acknowledged by the ipcc the medium case is defined as responsibility since 1950 this date marks a useful middle setting it defines a period in which responsibility is comprehensible in terms of human lifetimes reflects roughly the useful lifetimes of much infrastructure and avoids some of the historical discontinuities that occur when for example wars remake national boundaries the high case is defined as responsibility since 1850 this date defines responsibility as cumulative emissions since a date that roughly corresponds to the time at which carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion reached significant levels this is also the earliest date for which plausible emissions data exist combining capacity and responsibility into high medium and low equity settings there are nine possible combinations of the three capacity settings and three responsibility settings however we here group these into only three cases which more simply capture the broad equity band spanned by the possible settings low equity settings no progressivity and historical responsibility since 1990 medium equity settings weak progressivity and historical responsibility since 1950 high equity settings strong progressivity and historical responsibility since 1850 while we refer to these combinations as low equity medium equity and high equity we do not imply that the high equity case is objectively more equitable than low equity for this is ultimately a normative judgment rather these references simply refer to the fact that the high equity case is the most progressive and includes the most historical responsibility while the low equity case is the least progressive and includes the least historical responsibility using such a broad equity band leads inevitably to fair share results that can span a significant range as is evident in the national fair shares report and the comparable effort worksheet by accommodating a broad range of equity perspectives such an approach allows us to escape the debate between on the one hand the claim that equity is an entirely subjective matter a mere battle of opinions and on the other hand the claim that one or another equity approach is the precisely right one equity bands offer a quantitative framework within which expl...