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ct achieved operational data ii overcome inconsistencies between different legacy data format iii integrate data through put throughout an enterprise regardless of location format or communication requirements iv incorporate additional or expert information characteristics of data warehouse subject oriented data organized by subject instead of application it contains only the information necessary for decision support process 1 integrated encoding of data is often inconsistent 2 mass user scalability access to warehouse to support concurrent users while maintaining acceptable query performance 3 network data warehouse data warehouse rarely exist in isolation users must be able to look at and work with multiple warehouses from a single client workstation 4 warehouse administration large scale and time cyclic nature of the data warehouse demands administrative flexibility 5 the rdbms must integrate dimentioned analysis 6 advanced query functionality 7 end users require advanced analysis calculations sequential comparative analysis to detailed and summarized date datawarehousing online transaction processing oltp table chart decision support system prof chandan bhattacharya 4th july 2006 data warehousing systems data warehouses are interested in query processing as opposed to transaction processing it contains a place for storing data that are 5 10 years old these data is used for consequences trends forecasting process insulate data 1 preserves the security 7 integrity of mission critical oltp applications 2 give access to the broadest possible base of data retrieve data 1 data is transformed 7 delivered to the data warehouse on a selected model of mapping definition meta data 1 information describing the model definition of the source data element removal of certain aspect of operational data such as low level transaction information which slow down the query time transfer processed data transferred to the data warehouse a large database on a high performance box use of data warehouse a central store against which the queries are own it uses very simple data structures with very little assumptions about the relationships between data a data mart is a small warehouse which provides subsets of the main store depending on the requirement of a specific group or department data marts often use multidimensional databases which can speed up query processing as they can have data structures which reflects the most likely queries criterion for a data warehouse 1 load performance require incremental loading of new data on a periodic basis 2 load processing data conversion filtering reformatting integrity checks physical storage indexing metadata update 3 data quality management ensure consistency referential integrity in massive database size 4 query performance must not be slow b the query of data warehouse rdbms it must support modular parallel management 4 diagrams artificial intelligence family artificial intelligence is commonly defined as the effort to develop computer based systems that behave as human such systems would be able to learn natural languages accomplish coordinated physical task robotics emulate human expertise decision making expert system such systems will also exhibit logic reasoning intuition common sense that is associated with human being the figure above illustrates the major branches of artificial intelligence family the birth of ai is based on to different approaches 1 top down 2 bottom up bottom up approach is an effort to build a physical analogy to the human brain while top down approach is the effort to develop analogy to how brain works decision support system prof chandan bhattacharya 11th july 2006 diagram evolution of artificial intelligence top down approach one of the first top down efforts was logic theory in 1950 applying which a software was developed named logic theories that mimicked deductive logic selecting the correct rules and postulates so as to create a coherent logical chain from these developments emerged expert system which consist of a limited number of rules for a very specific and limited domain of human expertise bottom up approach the beginning of contemporary ai started with the concept of feedback to develop a theory of how brain works according to this theory a brain is composed of millions of neuron cells which processed binary numbers those were connected into a network that took feedback or information from the environment learning was simply a matter of teaching the neuron in a brain how to response to the environment symbolic artificial intelligence symbolic ai classical ai is the branch of ai that concerns itself with attempting to explicitly represent human knowledge in a declarative form i e with facts and rules if such an approach is to be successful in producing human life intelligent then it is necessary to translate procedure knowledge possessed by human into an explicit form game playing programs are the best human experts one difficult problem encountered by symbolic ai is common sense knowledge problem strong ai and weak ai strong ai is the view that a sufficiently programmed computer would actually be intelligent and would think in the same way that a human does where as weak ai is the use of methods modeled on intelligent behaviour to make computers more efficient at solving problems human v s artificial intelligence 1 human intelligence is a way of reasoning 2 one part of human intelligence can be described as the applications of rules based on human experience and genetics 3 human intelligence is the way of behaving even if human do not actually invoke rules they are obligated to act as if they did by a culture and a society that values reasonable and intelligent behaviour 4 human intelligence includes the development and use of metaphors and analogies using metaphors and analogy human creates new rules apply old rules to an unknown new situation and at times instinctively apply without rules 5 human intelligence includes the creation and use of concept humans have a unique ability to improve a conceptual apparatus on world around them 6 artificial intelligence refers to an effort to develop machines that can reason behave compare and conceptualise like human being questions how brain works find out from google com howstuffworks com wikipedia org techtutorials com expert systems an expert system is knowledge intensive program that solves a program by capturing the expertise of a human in limited domains of knowledge and experience an expert system can assist decision making by asking relevant questions and explaining the reasons for adopting certain actions some of the common characteristics of expert systems are the following 1 perform some of the problem solving work of humans 2 represent knowledge informs such as rules or frames 3 interact with human 4 can consider multiple hypotheses simultaneously diagram how expert systems work component of expert system 4 basic elemts of expert system 1 knowledge base 2 development team 3 at cell 4 the user knowledge base this is the modeling of human knowledge that a computer can deal this model of human knowledge used by expert system is called knowledge base a standard structured programming construct is the if then construct in which a condition is evaluated the difference between a traditional program and a rule base expert system program is the degree and magnitude symantec nets can be used to represent knowledge when the knowledge base is composed of easily identified objects of interrelated characteristic symmetric net can be much more efficient than rules frames also recognised knowledge into chunks but the relationship is based on shared characteristic rather than hierarchy this approach is grounded as human use frames a concept to make rapid sense out of perception development team an ai development team is composed of one or several experts who have command over knowledge base and one or more knowledge engineers who can translate the knowledge as described by the expert with a set of rules frames of symantec nets a knowledge engineer is similar to a traditional system analyst but has special expertise in collecting information and expertise from other professionals ai shell the ai shell is the programming environment of an expert system they are user friendly development environment that can quickly generate user interface screen to capture the knowledge base and manage the strategies of searching the rule base the user the role of the user is both to pose questions of the system and to enter relevant date to guide a system alone the user may employ the expert system as a source of advice or to perform tedious and routine analysis tasks problems with expert systems 1 expert systems are not applicable for complex managerial problems 2 many experts cannot express their knowledge using an if then format 3 expertise is collective 4 it may be distributed throughout an organisation 5 expert systems are extensive to maintain 6 a more limited role of an expert system posted by hotwinter 8 34 pm 0 comments organisation effectiveness change part ii prof satyajyoti de 7th july 2006 organisation effectiveness change prof satyajyoti de strategies for merging different organisational culture table diagram conflict conflict in any situation in which two or more parties feel themselves in opposition it is an interpersonal process that arises from disagreements over the goal to attain or methods to be used to accomplish keith davis conflict it is a process that begins with one party perceives that another party has negatively affected or is about to negatively affect something that the first party cares about stephen p robbins transition in conflict thoughts a traditional view believes that all conflicts are harmful and must be avoided b human relations believes that conflicts are a natural and inevitable outcome in any group c interactionist view believes that conflict is not a positive in a group but that it is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively d functional v s dysfunctional view the criterion that differentiates a functional view from a dysfunctional conflict is a group performance functional conflict supports the goal of the group and improves its performance dysfunctional conflict hinders group performances stages of conflict process stage 1 may arise because of personal variables stage 2 cognition or personalization stage 3 decision to act in a given way stage 4 behavioral pattern stage 5 outcome conflict resolution process cause of conflict a organisational change b personality clash c different sets of values d threat to status e contrasting perception f lack of trust conflict perception perception of other parties how they will behave functional or dysfunctional participant intention 2 parties who are in conflict winning v s loosing every party wants to win boss is the sufferer as he is deprived of certain situation resolution strategies avoiding smoothing forcing compromising confronting there is no organisation that do not have a conflict even rk mission has conflicts 12th july 2006 organisation effectiveness change prof satyajyoti de stakeholder shareholder customer others stakeholders help in effective running of the organisation all the stakeholders have different interest claim from the company stakeholders in what way they are connected to the organisation shareholders profit roi customer price quality service market share suppliers terms of contract payment creditors credit worthiness employees job satisfaction remuneration work environment quality of work life government law abiding tax welfare to employees the family members society social responsibility awareness towards ecology pollution o c t a pa c e these are 8 different activities on which the organisation works success of the organisation depends on the octapace o openness risk taking openness works with open mind eg connection to internet information accessibility for all c confrontation confrontation whenever there is a problem don t shy way from it simply try to resolve it this is not a clash between two persons trust when somebody tells you something in the organisation you need not necessarily suspect that man trust that man so we repose trust on the other person s behaviour a authenticity authenticity while communicating don t think whether it has some authenticity or not when you give information to other say something factual p proactive proactive react to a situation in response to a stimulus is being reactive doing something out of initiative is being proactive a autonomy autonomy you ask the people in your organisation to perform som e task without too much supervision freedom independence giving them job satisfaction c collaboration collaboration every one of us are dependent on someone or other people have 2 notions 1 omnipotence i can do everything independence it is a wrong concept no one can be fully independent 2 impotence i cannot do anything between the above 2 there is a concept called mutual interdependence say small children are dependent on parents similarly mother is also dependent on the child for love affection so collaboration comes from concept of mutual interdependence say you are a hr manager but you cannot function in organisation unless you now technical functioning and so on so in certain cases technical manager can collaborate with financial manager vice versa thus collaboration occurs e experimentation experimentation autonomy proactive experimentation are connected make experiment about new aspects of functioning of organisation carry the organisation forward we may not be aware but everyday something is happening in the organisation that carries the organisation forward these are the 8 pillars of organisation culture questions 1 write short notes on octapace 2 how organisation effectiveness culture can develop through this octapace diagram dimension of conflict handling intentions 2 persons in conflict perception of situation i may not know what has been perceived by the manager so this is perception of conflict i have been perceived as an assertive person but i see opponent is more collaborative 14th july 2006 organisation effectiveness change prof satyajyoti de organisation change any organisation it is dynamic objective of the organisation goal does not change process of achieving the objective may change 2 reasons for organisation change 1 reactive change because ofmacro environmental condition changes taking place outside borders of organisation like merger takeover but organisation prepares to cope the change 2 proactive change management initiative changes the company wants to make within an organisation eg procedure for financial management material management human resource management so changes are made either in reactive or proactive way some changes 1 psychological 2 system 3 one way 1 psychological changes a macro level b micro level in micro level changes peopl...