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the role of religion in shaping patterns of criminalization and decriminalization in islamic criminal justice systems a comparative study of iran and afghanistan legal studies in digital age skip to main content skip to main navigation menu skip to site footer open menu legal studies in digital age home in press current submissions article processing charges editorial team archives about about the journal peer review process crossmark policy publication ethics aims and scope privacy statement contact search register login home archives vol 5 no 3 2026 serial number 16 articles the role of religion in shaping patterns of criminalization and decriminalization in islamic criminal justice systems a comparative study of iran and afghanistan authors abdul jalil rohani department of criminal law and criminology ct c islamic azad university tehran iran author https orcid org 0009 0000 6731 0394 mahdi esmaeili department of criminal law and criminology ct c islamic azad university tehran iran https orcid org 0009 0008 0152 7708 abbas tadayyon department of criminal law and criminology ct c islamic azad university tehran iran author https orcid org 0009 0000 0712 5832 doi https doi org 10 61838 jpmbh 326 keywords criminalization decriminalization islamic criminal policy imami jurisprudence hanafi jurisprudence iran afghanistan abstract religion is one of the most significant factors shaping patterns of criminalization and decriminalization in islamic criminal justice systems and through its interaction with each country s cultural and historical components leads to the production of distinct criminal policies iran and afghanistan despite extensive cultural and religious commonalities have followed divergent paths in regulating their criminal laws this study using a descriptive analytical method grounded in comparative analysis examines the role of religion in determining the boundaries of criminalization and decriminalization in these two countries in iran the constitution and the legislative structure are based on imami jaʿfari jurisprudence such that sharia is regarded not merely as a supplementary reference but as the primary source of criminalization and the determination of punishments this has resulted in jurisprudential coherence within criminal laws and a tendency toward extensive criminalization in moral domains and hudud offenses in contrast the constitution of afghanistan recognizes sharia in the form of a negative framework of non contradiction with the provisions of islam and refers to hanafi jurisprudence only in the absence of statutory law this minimalist approach together with the historical role of tribal custom and cultural diversity has led to greater flexibility in decriminalization particularly with respect to social and moral offenses the findings indicate that religion plays a decisive role in legitimizing criminal law in both countries however differences in the type of jurisprudence political structure the status of custom and the degree of legislative dependence on sharia have caused iran s pattern of criminalization to assume a stronger religious and normative orientation while afghanistan follows a hybrid model combining sharia modern statutory law and customary norms consequently although religion provides a shared normative framework in both countries the intensity and scope of criminalization and the extent of acceptance of decriminalization are contingent upon the specific religious cultural conditions of each society authors abdul jalil rohani department of criminal law and criminology ct c islamic azad university tehran iran mahdi esmaeili corresponding author department of criminal law and criminology ct c islamic azad university tehran iran abbas tadayyon department of criminal law and criminology ct c islamic azad university tehran iran references aḥmadī a m ṣadāqat g 2003 constitutional law of the islamic republic of afghanistan with emphasis on the constitution al mustafa international publications āshūrī m 2013 notes on criminal sociology imam sadiq university a s bāhā ī m 2018 reform and treatment in the legislative criminal policy of iran and afghanistan benson b l siddiqi z r 2014 pashtunwali law for the lawless defense for the stateless international review of law and economics 37 108 120 https doi org 10 1016 j irle 2013 07 008 burhānī s a 2021 disclosure of secrets and its punishment from the viewpoint of jurists of islamic schools and the laws of iran and afghanistan comparative human rights studies chang l pengtao g xiyao z 2022 power hedging and faith fetters the factors of tribe and religion in afghanistan s state building frontiers in political science 4 976833 https doi org 10 3389 fpos 2022 976833 dānesh n 2021 the process of cultural policymaking in iran s criminalization system parliament and strategy 28 108 67 98 dānesh s 2012 constitutional law of afghanistan ibn e sīnā balkhī institute of higher education faṣīḥī a 2021 the principle of personal jurisdiction in the criminal law of afghanistan imāmī and sunnī jurisprudence islamic law studies 6 14 3 24 fazli f h maidin a j omoola s 2024 jirga in afghanistan its functions contemporary challenges and future prospects iium law journal 32 2 101 119 https doi org 10 31436 iiumlj v32i2 977 haji dehabadi m a rezvani r 2023 afghanistan s criminal policy in supporting cultural rights from the perspective of islamic teachings and international documents ijmmu 10 4 302 322 hashimi g 2016 defending the principle of legality in afghanistan toward a unified interpretation of article 130 oregon review of international law 18 2 https doi org 10 2139 ssrn 2817307 i timādī n a 2023 decriminalization in the criminal policy of islam and the laws of afghanistan legal knowledge scientific quarterly of khātam al anbīyā university 1 1 80 95 https doi org 10 62134 srqjl v1 i1 202312 4 īmānī a 2007 dictionary of criminal law terms nāmeh ye hastī publications karbalā ī ṣādeghī m nūriyān m 2025 principles of imāmī jurisprudence s criminal policy with emphasis on the social teachings of the qur an qur an and social sciences quarterly 5 1 52 85 keynīā m 2009 foundations of criminology vol 1 university of tehran khan f 2019 the legal system and research of the islamic republic of iran nyu globalex meininghaus e 2007 legal pluralism in afghanistan mushtāqī r 2009 max planck guidelines for the constitutional law of afghanistan nūrī h 2018 analysis of the criminal policy of iran and afghanistan towards religious minorities pahlavānī dowlatkhwāh pāshākī p 2022 responsible criminal policy crime and criminal policy civil law 5 13 535 542 rahimi m 2019 afghanistan s new penal code whether or not to codify hudud and qisas rāyjīān a 2023 legislative criminal policymaking in the mirror of cultural criminology criminal law and criminology research 11 21 259 302 reżvānī r b 2023 criminal guarantee of cultural rights in iran and afghanistan islamic education and criminal law and criminology 8 16 7 33 shāfe ī a garāylī m b 2023 incompatibility of legislative and judicial criminal policy of afghanistan regarding crimes against the family studies in islamic jurisprudence and legal foundations 17 47 191 215 sharīfī m n 2023 a review of the historical developments of afghanistan s penal policy from the beginning to 2021 islamic education and criminal law and criminology 8 2 89 113 touhidkhaneh m s 2017 the validity of the principle of legality in afghan criminal law pazhûhesh hâ ye hoqûq e keyfari 5 17 155 188 yassari n saboory h m 2005 sharia and national law in afghanistan jura gentium 10 2 41 78 downloads pdf publication timeline published 2026 05 01 submitted 2025 08 04 revised 2025 12 20 accepted 2025 12 27 issue vol 5 no 3 2026 serial number 16 section articles license copyright c 2025 abdul jalil rohani author mahdi esmaeili abbas tadayyon author this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution noncommercial 4 0 international license how to cite rohani a j esmaeili m tadayyon a 2026 the role of religion in shaping patterns of criminalization and decriminalization in islamic criminal justice systems a comparative study of iran and afghanistan legal studies in digital age 5 3 1 12 https doi org 10 61838 jpmbh 326 more citation formats acm acs apa abnt chicago harvard ieee mla turabian vancouver ama download citation endnote zotero mendeley ris bibtex abstract xml abstract xml most read articles by the same author s mohammad ismail ammar abbas tadayyon mahdi esmaeili ontology of crimes against administrative integrity in iran s islamic penal bill with reference to afghan criminal law legal studies in digital age vol 5 no 2 2026 serial number 15 mohammad karim amirzoy mahdi esmaeili abbas tadayyon comparative analysis of afghanistan s criminal policy and the policies of budapest convention member states in responding to cybercrimes legal studies in digital age vol 5 no 2 2026 serial number 15 seyed hamid reza hosseini hosein gholami doon mahdi esmaeili 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