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description=A collection of information on PowerSDR for Flex Radio Flex-5000 HF tranceiver, and the Heathkit HW-5400 including schematics and wiring diagrams, mods, and information on adding DDS (direct digital synthesizer); Along with my Short Wave collection.;
keywords=Darrin Kohn, KE9NS, Flex Radio, PowerSDR, SmartSDR, Flex-5000, Flex-3000, Flex-1500, electric vehicle, electric car, HF radio, heathkit hw-5400, DDS, direct digital synthesizer, ESSB, enhanced single sideband, zenith transoceanic, bc348, philco;
author=Darrin Kohn KE9NS;

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ke9ns radio shack to search this page simply hit cntl f keys to open a find window then type your search words select your language screen image received by my friend running smartsdr sent from my powersdr v2 8 txwaterid feature pictures of me today and 1991 field day my current shack layout 3 27 fhd hp monitors my pc sits behind the left monitor my flex 5000a flex 3000 sit behind the center montior my audio rack lp500 antenna rotor antenna switches and my hw 5400 sits on the shelf the solid state amp is behind the right monitor and the ten tec titan 1 5kw amp over to the far right side i now use the audio technica bphs1 broadcast stereo headset with cardioid dynamic microphone work bench is to the far right side panorama image of my radio shack you can zoom in out up down with your mouse radio equipment flex 5000a 100w hf 6m transceiver w atu and rx2 and am bcb filter all behind the monitor variable rx tx filters for up to 10k wide see the flex 5000 button at the top of this page my homemade solid state amp click for my page marshall mxl 990 studio mic behringer mic2200 tube preamp behringer 2496 ultra curve for eq leveling limiting gating and compression behringer ex3200 for harmonics behringer dsp 1000p virtualizer pro for plating and a ten tec titan 425 amp and mfj 998 tuner 2nd rig heathkit hw 5400100w hf transceiver assembled by myself in 1983 modded with custom dds and 2 4 4 0 6 0khz wide rx tx if filters for ssb essb operation space weather hf radio wave propagation the ionosphere layers responsible for hf propagation layers are made up of free electrons these free electrons can act as a mirror to the rf photons from your radio waves but the density of free electrons and their height determine whether rf photons gets absorbed refelected or passes through each layers properties is explained below in the following sections nm7m low band propagagtion guide checking propagation based on current radio contacts and plotting them on a world map dxmaps com real time sporadic e layer dxmaps com checking propagation based on tropospheric ducting forecast dxinfocentre com space weather hf radio wave propagation the d layer bad d lowest layer mostly appears with direct sun ultraviolet radiation but can also occur due to hard x ray emissions during a solar event the air density is high at the d layer but the free electron density is actually low due to high rate of recombination of electrons the d layer absorbs rf at the low end mostly up to 10mhz of the hf spectrum high end hf passes through so for 10m operation during the daytime its best to have small d layer and a large f layer 160m 40m band during the daytime may be absorbed in part or all by the d layer lower rf freq longer waves hit more free electrons which in turn hit more air molecules due to air density at low altitudes higher rf freq is more likely to pass through unharmed luf lowest usable freq means any freq below this value will be completely absorbed by the d layer real time global d layer absorption map from noaa space weather space weather hf radio wave propagation the e and f layers good e above d and f highest layers stay in place day and night the e layer is formed by soft x rays and far ultraviolet rays the sporadic e layer intense clouds of electrons can reflect up to vhf frequencies while the normal e layer works up to 10 mhz the f layer is formed by extreme ultraviolet rays daytime you get a f1 and f2 layer highest air density is low so rf energy is re radiated reflected rather than absorbed as in the d layer higher rf frequencies pentrate higher into the e and f layer a rf freq too high will simply pass through all the layers into outer space rf signals reflected by the f layer will travel further 2400 miles then the closer e layer reflected distance 1200 miles multiple hops are possible 80m 40m take advantage of the e layer but are strongly affected by the d layer 20m band can take advantage of both e and f layers 15m 10m band take advantage of the f layer also antenna take off angle is very important too high and it will not be reflected back to earth real time critical frequency f2 layer map from ips ionospheric prediction service space weather hf radio wave propagation a and k index bad the geomagnetic indices a and k measure the strength of the earths magnetic field from its baseline quiet magnetosphere level so you want low numbers the higher the indices the worse the hf bands will be the higher the a 0 to 400 or k 0 9 value the greater the disturbance where free electrons are stirred up are in the f layers which can reduce muf by up to 50 these events usually concentrate closer to the polar regions i e aurora borealis k value is 5 or above constitute an ionospheric storm major turbulance in the magnetosphere the k index is quasi logarithmic and measured once every 3 hours the a index is a linearized scale of the k index space weather hf radio wave propagation solar flux index good higher solar flux or higher sun spot s are best 150 to 300 solar flux is an indication of ionisation free electrons levels when combined with low a and k index numbers provides for great hf propagation green lines muf maximum usable freq means any freq above will not be reflected back to earth red lines luf lowest usable freq means any freq below this value will be completely absorbed by the d layer those inventors who made it all possible privacy policy for ke9ns