Meta tags:
description=A blog about language change, historical linguistics and the impact of interdisciplinary insights on our understanding of linguistic processes.;

Headings (most frequently used words):

2016, january, the, beaver, blog, for, language, evolution, 23, february, 20, 19, 18, 12, 08, 05, search, this, wikipedia, about, me, some, really, great, blogs, archive, subscribe, to, followers, new, visitors, by, country, since, oct, 2015, popular, posts, total, pageviews, strange, case, of, jumbled, vowels, ve, verbs, brief, introduction, root, question, why, bʰer, towards, more, realistic, enter, setting, scene, reduplication, manual, drivers, metalworkers, and, birdwatchers,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (456), and (135), with (66), indo (64), that (60), from (60), european (48), root (48), are (44), for (42), but (40), reduplicated (37), word (34), not (34), type (33), have (32), proto (32), #reduplication (31), can (31), stem (29), has (27), this (27), echo (27), vowel (26), verb (26), some (25), slavic (25), was (24), its (24), one (24), beaver (22), share (22), other (22), there (21), adjectives (21), like (21), present (21), vedic (20), nouns (19), which (19), grade (18), germanic (18), old (18), also (18), bʰer (18), greek (17), meaning (17), languages (17), thematic (17), than (17), were (16), most (16), more (16), only (16), they (16), their (16), both (16), noun (16), them (15), same (15), presents (14), iranian (14), been (14), may (13), accent (13), carry (13), several (12), types (12), balto (12), into (12), adjective (12), derived (12), rather (12), formed (11), case (11), all (11), zero (11), different (11), could (11), roots (11), attested (11), two (11), take (11), english (10), pie (10), between (10), means (10), modern (10), however (10), example (10), very (10), had (10), because (10), often (10), kʷékʷlo (10), known (10), brown (10), would (10), colour (10), piotr (9), gąsiorowski (9), 2016 (9), verbs (9), note (9), bear (9), forms (9), back (9), when (9), form (9), baltic (9), latin (9), seems (9), beavers (9), stems (9), cákri (9), bʰr (9), dʰeh (9), table (8), language (8), athematic (8), found (8), branches (8), comments (8), january (8), syllable (8), probably (8), adjectival (8), even (8), directly (8), will (8), reconstructed (8), any (8), common (8), reduplications (8), these (8), something (8), bʰér (8), post (7), question (7), what (7), posts (7), about (7), pinterest (7), facebook (7), blogthis (7), email (7), posted (7), many (7), possible (7), cuckoo (7), such (7), therefore (7), contents (7), productive (7), next (7), still (7), perhaps (7), reconstruction (7), second (7), weak (7), well (7), important (6), blog (6), though (6), vowels (6), since (6), why (6), accented (6), innovation (6), use (6), see (6), similar (6), examples (6), anatolian (6), already (6), shall (6), out (6), iterative (6), hiding (6), full (6), words (6), used (6), time (6), lith (6), here (6), siṣṇú (6), above (6), too (6), early (6), fact (6), does (6), carrying (6), reflexes (6), original (6), itself (6), variant (6), name (6), celtic (6), perfect (6), put (6), she (6), simple (5), wikipedia (5), first (5), structure (5), makes (5), derivatives (5), less (5), suffix (5), vocalism (5), just (5), derivational (5), pattern (5), characteristic (5), while (5), enough (5), sense (5), least (5), originally (5), compounds (5), small (5), lat (5), refer (5), related (5), gʷi (5), senh (5), etc (5), hand (5), bʰe (5), borrowed (5), mean (5), lithuanian (5), animal (5), although (5), inherited (5), latter (5), evidence (5), might (5), meanings (5), tense (5), dʰé (5), below (4), each (4), law (4), you (4), again (4), strange (4), der (4), wikimedia (4), commons (4), evolution (4), little (4), account (4), before (4), without (4), assimilation (4), kind (4), sure (4), term (4), gold (4), core (4), must (4), stage (4), derivation (4), try (4), patterns (4), substantivised (4), called (4), did (4), action (4), let (4), far (4), voice (4), ancestor (4), light (4), high (4), stuff (4), earlier (4), added (4), few (4), much (4), difference (4), basic (4), compound (4), gain (4), place (4), where (4), hittite (4), armenian (4), identical (4), always (4), either (4), initial (4), exact (4), find (4), don (4), variants (4), variation (4), final (4), bring (4), liv (4), habitual (4), laryngeal (4), bʰé (4), 3sg (4), support (4), strong (4), dʰe (4), 2015 (3), brief (3), natural (3), tool (3), meant (3), comment (3), reflect (3), sanskrit (3), round (3), look (3), based (3), list (3), etymological (3), normally (3), last (3), function (3), convey (3), generally (3), scattered (3), traces (3), jumbled (3), arms (3), atom (3), february (3), true (3), history (3), phonetic (3), older (3), long (3), connect (3), ancestral (3), sequence (3), polish (3), survived (3), bird (3), interesting (3), gżegżółka (3), originated (3), distribution (3), dialectal (3), transparent (3), analyse (3), simply (3), after (3), produced (3), ablaut (3), retraction (3), became (3), habitually (3), template (3), follows (3), collective (3), occur (3), discussed (3), make (3), justify (3), etymology (3), suffixes (3), almost (3), russian (3), clear (3), unlike (3), securely (3), cognate (3), taking (3), italic (3), lost (3), once (3), agni (3), having (3), technical (3), need (3), actually (3), today (3), likely (3), generation (3), ancient (3), deverbal (3), sásni (3), corresponding (3), processes (3), looks (3), cut (3), represented (3), thus (3), usually (3), correct (3), should (3), lodge (3), albanian (3), absence (3), due (3), course (3), poorly (3), bibru (3), know (3), german (3), especially (3), difficult (3), possibly (3), reflex (3), former (3), accentual (3), cited (3), alternative (3), number (3), ringe (3), 2006 (3), coat (3), hard (3), developed (3), telic (3), activity (3), come (3), class (3), widespread (3), bʰi (3), three (3), 3pl (3), parallel (3), ved (3), acquire (3), rigvedic (3), collecting (3), bʰr̥ (3), away (3), bʰḗr (3), imperfective (3), 1sg (3), despite (3), imperfect (3), n̥ti (3), sti (3), steh (3), dʰh (3), give (3), dōd (3), deh (3), 2012 (2), 2013 (2), 2014 (2), total (2), listed (2), introduction (2), object (2), hammer (2), consider (2), recent (2), rix (2), show (2), trick (2), connection (2), discuss (2), origin (2), etymologies (2), water (2), hardly (2), speakers (2), regularly (2), certain (2), rampant (2), biberach (2), riß (2), arthur (2), charles (2), fox (2), davies (2), comp (2), lete (2), guide (2), heraldry (2), 1909 (2), enter (2), new (2), subscribe (2), november (2), september (2), october (2), july (2), really (2), great (2), university (2), search (2), idea (2), source (2), making (2), formal (2), similarity (2), morphological (2), analysis (2), geguźah (2), stops (2), change (2), onomatopoeic (2), dialects (2), referred (2), rarely (2), studies (2), given (2), younger (2), typically (2), precisely (2), harder (2), formation (2), declension (2), changes (2), descriptive (2), referring (2), turning (2), flashing (2), morpheme (2), reduplicative (2), shown (2), brackets (2), derivative (2), shifted (2), ending (2), result (2), restoring (2), singular (2), specific (2), frequently (2), consonant (2), explained (2), actual (2), whether (2), never (2), seen (2), restricted (2), relatively (2), vocabulary (2), neuter (2), suggests (2), including (2), obscured (2), pronunciation (2), quick (2), book (2), epithet (2), rigveda (2), weapon (2), during (2), realised (2), repair (2), those (2), character (2), easily (2), sometimes (2), aberrant (2), retained (2), archaic (2), reduplicate (2), using (2), occurrence (2), good (2), short (2), terms (2), near (2), synonyms (2), move (2), ruled (2), remaining (2), ln̥g (2), victorious (2), seem (2), apparently (2), jigyú (2), operation (2), member (2), replaced (2), acquired (2), vavrí (2), vavrá (2), surrounding (2), pari (2), tatnú (2), ever (2), gaining (2), repeatedly (2), shape (2), kʷe (2), active (2), cover (2), wer (2), historically (2), groats (2), press (2), oneself (2), respectively (2), mēmal (2), system (2), differed (2), involving (2), complex (2), simplest (2), namely (2), turn (2), product (2), movement (2), east (2), preserve (2), specialised (2), fence (2), gʰerdʰ (2), ireland (2), irish (2), existence (2), names (2), prehistoric (2), reflects (2), wide (2), church (2), slavonic (2), river (2), local (2), west (2), bibro (2), fiber (2), bobrъ (2), bьbrъ (2), bãbras (2), aryans (2), historical (2), times (2), instead (2), preserved (2), best (2), variety (2), later (2), completely (2), lexical (2), toponyms (2), personal (2), recover (2), beside (2), plus (2), suggest (2), trying (2), part (2), deep (2), isolated (2), mentioned (2), wild (2), hypothesis (2), yield (2), βer (2), practically (2), range (2), keep (2), babhrú (2), βrūna (2), begin (2), neither (2), nor (2), doesn (2), claimed (2), braun (2), bʰreu (2), problems (2), work (2), tetru (2), nti (2), complete (2), bhárati (2), able (2), assume (2), visible (2), hence (2), bʰibʰrús (2), bʰébʰros (2), glossed (2), werkzeug (2), solution (2), bʰerh (2), exactly (2), describing (2), couple (2), voiced (2), aryan (2), contrast (2), coexistence (2), forming (2), bhabhrí (2), yet (2), soma (2), connotations (2), established (2), exist (2), together (2), collect (2), around (2), bʰor (2), tocharian (2), abstract (2), bringing (2), pile (2), assuming (2), transport (2), gathering (2), agent (2), emphasised (2), being (2), alone (2), archaism (2), endpoint (2), passive (2), senses (2), shade (2), perfective (2), quite (2), lift (2), development (2), neḱ (2), berǫ (2), family (2), status (2), handbook (2), paradigm (2), past (2), understanding (2), subject (2), aorists (2), sḱe (2), stistáh (2), stéh (2), oxford (2), bápsati (2), bʰs (2), believe (2), stí (2), sth (2), how (2), generalised (2), dedoh (2), non (2), conjugation (2), dʰoh (2), stand (2), 2017, 2018, 2019, theme, powered, blogger, pageviews, represe, figure1, opting, according, deliver, impact, comm, david, marjanović, made, yábhati, sexual, intercourse, monnier, williams, dicti, sex, gather, magic, watch, hands, 200, swadesh, inca, quechua, game, promised, previous, going, numeral, month, four, every, week, digital, magazine, aeon, publishes, ambitious, essays, competent, writers, culture, philosophy, science, technology, weird, item, bengtson, ruhlen, global, ʔaq, escape, anybody, attention, wasn, definable, select, achieve, commu, extinction, mammoth, walks, popular, visitors, country, oct, followers, december, august, june, april, march, archive, tetrapod, zoology, sandwalk, loom, geocurrents, paleoglot, michael, weiss, ehcgl, memiyawanzi, lovely, lexemes, log, languagehat, john, wells, jabal, lughat, fully, sic, cranberry, letters, christopher, culver, bʰlog, áhann, áhim, linguistics, blogs, symbols, unicode, fonts, researchgate, google, profile, academia, edu, orcid, professor, poland, poznań, adam, mickiewicz, faculty, pʲɔtr, ɡɔ̃ɕɔ, ski, results, home, wolf, wĺ̥kʷos, ŕ̥tḱos, mine, free, credit, your, additional, advantage, solid, grounds, noticed, mere, detailed, ɣaukaz, william, wordsworth, accumulation, fricatives, prone, phonological, distortion, distance, conservative, regional, poles, remember, funny, looking, pronounced, gʐɛˈgʐuwka, classroom, spelling, tests, tortured, school, days, dimly, recall, sort, schoolteachers, explain, aren, themselves, become, real, communicative, opted, marginal, social, testing, schoolchildren, orthographic, memory, phenomenon, zyzzyva, zazula, kukułka, michiel, driessen, 2003, 347, 362, journal, limited, way, coined, descendants, diverging, distinct, irregular, ones, argue, layer, identified, converted, internal, suffixation, modifying, turned, retracting, happened, period, dramatic, strongly, sensitive, location, stress, affect, retracted, thy, counterpart, skipping, carried, frequentative, manner, following, shorthand, notation, filling, defined, phonetically, weakened, yielding, superficial, easy, reverse, analogically, wheels, set, uncountable, mass, cuckoos, assemblies, wheel, reed, warbler, nest, explanations, mystery, invisible, thing, extended, various, tongue, twisting, repetitious, bears, resemblance, noise, travel, beyond, becomes, clearer, feminine, hide, leave, open, slavs, dubbed, notorious, eggs, birds, nests, heard, gʰeuǵʰ, gʰe, gʰuǵʰ, gʰegʰuǵʰah, another, žеgъzuľa, zegzica, gegužė̃, semi, goes, appearing, nice, careful, comparison, acount, tonal, leads, dawn, glitters, speculate, symbolically, intermittent, flickering, reflected, wes, uso, áusas, áuksas, aurum, manual, drivers, metalworkers, birdwatchers, realisation, unstressed, traditional, rhyme, horrid, forehead, labiovelar, labial, component, elapʰrós, elakʰús, occurs, unarmed, literally, plural, arma, armi, inermis, awfully, sorry, discussion, background, presenting, hero, appear, weekend, planning, deal, complicated, better, clarified, beforehand, redupilcations, retain, generated, replace, ancestors, 2007, live, living, alive, pre, protected, analogical, gʷw, gʷih, gʷíh, article, ablauting, base, treated, allomorph, recipe, add, serve, hymn, bounteous, sisnú, frequent, typical, thin, heavy, nimble, equivalent, transparently, red, swift, occasional, pairs, briskly, presume, adjectve, option, lengʷʰ, ln̥gʷʰ, r̥ǵ, rudʰ, gʷr̥h, mr̥ǵʰ, pl̥h, tn̥h, opposed, cases, functions, recognisable, doublet, widely, distributed, ways, virtual, protoforms, date, illustrate, mechanism, agentive, affected, adj, corresponded, conforming, pointed, structures, partial, stretch, tenh, compel, gʷei, gʷj, securing, babhrí, kʷer, kʷr, protoform, fit, proposed, superficially, particularly, purely, conjectural, left, tangible, grind, theory, via, thematicisation, groat, production, quern, millstone, happens, unless, somehow, derivable, concealing, streaming, quoted, protect, flow, ser, sasrá, mamul, ml̥h, melh, bare, reinforced, inserting, somewhere, inside, necessarily, faitfully, happen, behave, respects, compounded, traced, revolving, expressing, circular, circle, cycle, kʷé, kʷl, setting, scene, answer, uniquely, evidently, curious, hyper, satem, treatment, gird, encircle, fort, town, enclosure, stall, house, standard, hypercorrect, żeremie, gardh, gr̥há, gar̃das, gordъ, mn̥, zer, gothic, corpus, usual, reason, bible, colonised, ice, age, celts, unaware, beavery, tribal, brought, britain, continent, migrations, loanwords, vulgar, romance, minor, serbian, bulgarian, slovene, upper, sorbian, locally, surviving, relic, romanian, prevalence, tendency, inconsistent, understood, introduce, generalise, borrowing, influence, suspected, indication, trade, beaverskins, castoreum, western, influenced, rare, serbo, croatian, dissimilated, stop, regarded, counterparts, hydronymic, dȁbar, breb, biebrza, hurrian, horsey, mitanni, babrunnu, attestation, occurred, mainly, northerly, attitudes, alas, lived, parts, anatolia, luwian, weren, thoughful, write, posterity, greatest, diversity, kástōr, finally, excellently, northwest, icelandic, principle, afterthought, bʰebʰro, βeβraz, beβ, raz, bjǫβurr, bjórr, bibur, bibar, beofor, befor, befer, beber, bebir, bebr, buried, under, layers, innovations, borrowings, detected, gaulish, brittonic, ethnonyms, coexisted, bebru, bebro, abankos, sparsely, feber, bʰibʰro, avestan, pahlavi, colloquialising, babraka, babrag, baβri, baβra, babra, shows, prussian, latvian, bȩbrs, bẽbras, bebrùs, bebrus, considerations, vacillated, supporting, bebrъ, guess, advance, stands, primarily, indecisive, dubious, presuppose, recoverable, isn, match, attractive, beast, 106, plausibly, savage, remains, somewhat, controversial, ferocious, semantically, unassailable, substantivisation, process, ǵʰw, gʷʰ, ferus, ǵʰwer, ǵʰwēr, shades, horse, applicable, connected, anyway, reddish, vice, versa, migrated, geographical, secondarily, animals, india, jacobin, mongoose, bay, bė́ras, version, contain, formally, within, plausible, etymon, agree, french, frankish, describe, follow, dark, swarthy, dusky, shiny, bright, reference, forged, metal, sea, modify, virtually, hue, extra, connections, anything, secure, toad, conspiracy, europe, systems, cultural, convergence, late, seventeenth, century, hues, violet, purple, amethyst, pʰrũnos, pʰrū́nē, brun, dictionaries, introductions, online, sources, inform, reader, nasal, bʰébʰrus, wiktionary, sharp, bit, conjecturally, carpenter, figurative, scold, rebuke, skin, disease, scabies, mod, ohg, leprosy, tear, flay, peel, dadrū, dadru, zitaroh, tetter, teter, titru, wield, bhíbharti, random, correlated, functional, stretching, imagination, habits, preference, point, matter, choose, independently, relatedness, recognisably, through, cross, pollination, accentuation, mit, sharfem, bearbeiten, incisors, ein, sharfes, defend, wait, moment, owe, strike, pierce, fight, unspecified, rapidly, rush, chase, containing, outcomes, bʰrh, wellcome, images, piscium, aquatilium, animantium, natura, conrad, gessner, semiaquatic, mammals, fewer, quasi, partciples, accusative, objects, drink, inspired, precursor, essentially, except, reworking, carrier, existed, recourse, papí, poh, bhr, ati, bhár, doing, things, whenever, comes, attend, pressing, cows, giving, drinking, vajra, vájram, sómaṃ, gā́ḥ, dadír, papíḥ, babhrír, pair, strive, accomplish, approximately, constantly, winning, others, expresses, completed, intensive, structurally, schema, essential, basis, hymns, indra, god, described, towards, realistic, arrow, archer, iṣu, bhṛ́, conferō, wear, possess, feature, pʰoréō, éje, arose, group, absent, topic, showing, crop, maintenance, acquires, concrete, sheaf, corn, hypothetically, hitt, grinding, expect, effect, continual, growing, say, construction, dam, builder, inhabitant, nominals, predict, appropriate, prominent, behaviour, assiduous, collection, building, materials, strengthen, enlarge, constructions, timber, twigs, mud, think, ability, down, trees, expressed, iterativity, male, legendary, defensive, stratagem, biting, off, testicles, throwing, hunters, eventive, bʰebʰrús, bʰibʰrós, bʰébʰ, bʰōr, bard, bhṛtí, notion, accompanies, earnings, tribute, pʰor, bʰór, pʰóros, rodent, mouse, etymologised, gatherer, collector, stolen, grain, lydian, steals, supposedly, hoarding, stealing, kabrdokid, kapart, piling, recessive, reducing, enlarging, membership, dealing, distinction, indicating, events, subfamily, strict, accidental, ousted, brings, sends, delivers, carries, dai, arnuzi, bíbhrati, documents, atelic, bibhárti, bíbharti, bhárti, gave, rise, who, takes, thief, mediopassive, self, benefactive, basically, semantics, durative, employ, express, stative, aspects, pʰṓr, fūr, bʰṓr, oldest, reconstructible, remove, variable, static, physical, effort, vehicular, cart, large, secondary, produce, offspring, endure, undergone, considerable, semantic, shift, swapped, latv, scatter, distant, doubts, raised, derive, circulate, distribute, disperse, circumferō, bḕrti, ber̃ti, nešù, nèšti, nesǫ, weǵʰ, eko, kalendarz, photo, jacek, zięba, paradoxical, properties, documented, phrygian, conspicuous, apparent, ubiquity, rest, insecure, familiar, whole, narten, underlying, lacks, conjugational, team, infinitive, participle, provided, raise, weight, suppletive, future, paired, emō, ьmǫ, ęti, bьrati, oísō, telh, tlātos, lātus, tulī, tetulī, ferre, ferēbam, ferō, bʰéreti, none, preterites, remained, scare, quotes, indicative, played, role, square, assimilatory, syllabification, rules, cluster, simplification, glosses, approximate, combination, aspect, aktionsart, special, problem, separately, dozen, partly, importance, loose, threads, tied, series, bound, drove, sang, underived, mention, relationship, issues, alternation, revisited, hot, morphology, settled, everybody, satisfaction, people, literature, proposals, insist, advocating, worthwhile, bull, horns, tackle, vexing, report, controversy, debate, cannot, safely, inventory, intensives, attempts, demonstrate, successful, cvc, manios, med, numasioi, famous, fhe, fhaked, desideratives, wants, wíwr̥tseti, wrt, accepts, learns, dítsḱeti, marked, echoes, perfects, remembers, món, quoth, wéukʷet, wkʷ, seat, sízdeti, rising, her, feet, relevant, glossing, purposes, female, assumed, vol, linguistic, helmut, martin, kümmel, 2001, 2nd, edition, wiesbaden, ludwig, reichert, verlag, lexikon, indogermanischen, verben, progressive, breathy, ended, voiceless, aspiration, trigger, deaspiration, grassmann, bartholomae, bzʰ, reconstructions, right, wrong, opinion, fixed, consistent, comparative, tell, alternates, help, messy, life, missing, reasonable, conclude, significant, concerns, choice, parsimionious, explanation, straightforward, levelled, favour, whereas, descendant, assimilated, laryngeally, coloured, subsequently, across, necessary, otherwise, display, dodh, dedh, dodoh, inflections, lengthened, aspirated, winter, reconstruct, parent, relics, lay, transferred, curiously, ocs, dad, damь, dúodu, deždǫ, dẽda, doh, disappeared, prehistory, belonging, absorbed, confirmed, merged, inferred, assumptions, anomalous, represents, dereduplicated, reconcile, our, genuinely, type1, didoh, dídōmi, cause, sistah, hístēmi, dʰi

Text of the page (random words):
ll be revisited the exact reconstruction of the reduplicated present is one of the hot problems of indo european morphology not yet settled to everybody s satisfaction but important enough for people to keep trying in the technical literature on the subject you will find a variety of proposals which can t all be correct at the same time i don t insist that the analysis i m advocating is the solution still it s more worthwhile to take the bull by the horns and tackle a vexing question than just to report handbook stuff controversy makes for an interesting debate one important special problem to be discussed separately is the reduplicated present stem 2 of the root dʰeh put place plus a dozen or two other meanings it acquired in the early history of indo european next i shall discuss the indo european perfect partly because of its importance for understanding the origin of the germanic strong past tense english sang drove bound etc 3 the remaining loose threads will be tied up in the final post of this series reduplication back to the table of contents 1 the reconstruction in square brackets is more phonetic taking into account the operation of assimilatory processes syllabification rules and cluster simplification the glosses are approximate the exact shade of meaning produced by the combination of pie tense aspect and aktionsart may be difficult to recover and even more difficult to convey in english 2 why the scare quotes because the present imperfective stem did not occur only in the present tense and it s exactly the past tense indicative of this stem the so called imperfect of pie dʰeh that played a role in the development of the germanic verb system 3 none of them is reduplicated in modern english and few strong preterites remained reduplicated even in proto germanic posted by piotr gąsiorowski at 19 46 22 comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest 19 january 2016 the root question why bʰer the verb root bʰer has several paradoxical properties on the one hand it s one of the most securely attested indo european roots documented in tocharian armenian greek phrygian albanian indo iranian balto slavic germanic italic and celtic on the other hand it s conspicuous by its apparent absence from anatolian which means that despite its ubiquity in the rest of the family its proto indo european status is insecure but see below on possible anatolian reflexes the present stem bʰér e o is a widespread simple thematic present so familiar as a handbook example that the whole class is often referred to as the bʰéreti type 1 still several languages latin greek vedic show traces of an alternative athematic stem without the e o suffix probably a so called narten present with an underlying long vowel bʰḗr ti bʰér n̥ti despite being so common and despite having such a basic meaning as carry bear the verb lacks some conjugational forms in some indo european languages so that bʰér has to team up with other roots to form a complete paradigm in latin for example the present ferō the imperfect ferēbam and the infinitive ferre are derived from bʰer but the perfect tense tetulī or tulī and the perfect passive participle lātus tlātos are provided by the root telh lift raise support the weight of in greek we again have reflexes of bʰer in the present and the imperfect while most other forms come from h neḱ take acquire and the suppletive future oísō does not even have an established etymology in slavic imperfective bьrati 1sg berǫ take is paired with perfective ęti j ьmǫ from pie h em lat emō always collecting stuff photo jacek zięba cc by sa 3 0 source eko kalendarz the meaning of bʰer is quite variable in many branches its reflexes can be glossed as carry bear of course english bear is a good example with connotations of movement rather than static support and of personal physical effort rather than vehicular transport in the latter case weǵʰ cart convey is used but the root has developed a large number of secondary senses take take up take away collect lift bring yield produce bear offspring endure etc and in some branches the core meaning has undergone a considerable semantic shift thus slavic berǫ means take while nesǫ from the root h neḱ originally take acquire has come to mean carry as if the two roots had swapped meanings lithuanian also has nèšti 1sg nešù for carry but the meaning of lith ber̃ti latv bḕrti is scatter so distant from carry that doubts have been raised as to whether the baltic words really derive from bʰer though a development like carry take around circulate distribute disperse is quite natural cf latin circumferō the oldest reconstructible present bʰḗr bʰér probably meant carry in a telic sense as an action with an endpoint bring or remove by carrying the verb gave rise to a root agent noun bʰṓr one who takes away thief latin fūr greek pʰṓr the widespread simple thematic bʰér e o which probably originated as the mediopassive voice of the original present with self benefactive or passive senses basically inherited its semantics but emphasised the durative shade of the verb and its imperfective character hence the need to employ some other root to express the perfective and stative aspects vedic alone documents a clear contrast between telic bʰér e o bhárati also rigvedic bhárti and atelic iterative habitual bʰi bʰ é r bíbharti rigvedic bibhárti 3pl bíbhrati but given the fact that cv reduplicated presents are generally a recessive class of stems in indo european reducing rather than enlarging its membership in the historically known languages we are probably dealing with an archaism rather than a local innovation 2 in other words the distinction between bʰḗr bʰér and a reduplicated present indicating respectively events with an endpoint and without one may be at least as old as the core indo european subfamily it might even be proto indo european in the strict sense assuming that the absence of the root bʰer from anatolian is accidental and due to its having been ousted by near synonyms such as hittite arnuzi brings sends delivers or pē dai carries and piling it up actually isolated derivatives of bʰer may exist also in anatolian the hittite word for small rodent mouse kapart has been etymologised as ko m bʰr̥ t gatherer collector of stolen grain 3 there s also a possible lydian cognate kabrdokid steals a verb derived from an abstract noun supposedly meaning hoarding away stealing the notion of collecting gathering or bringing together often accompanies the use of bʰer greek pʰóros from bʰór o means earnings tribute and one of the meanings of pʰor ā́ bʰor áh is crop the abstract noun bʰr̥ tí ved bhṛtí carrying bringing support maintenance acquires a concrete meaning in armenian bard pile sheaf of corn assuming hypothetically that the reduplicated iterative present could form a noun like hitt mēmal groats the product of grinding we might expect bʰé bʰr̥ of perhaps collective bʰé bʰōr the effect of continual collecting a growing pile like say a beaver s construction a dam or a lodge the builder or inhabitant of a bʰébʰ o r would have been a bʰébʰros or possibly bʰibʰrós or both the accent in nominals of this type is hard to predict and an appropriate epithet referring to the same animal s prominent behaviour the assiduous collection and transport of building materials to repair strengthen and enlarge its constructions would have been bʰibʰrús or bʰebʰrús one that s always gathering stuff timber twigs mud etc i think the reduplication makes more sense with the root bʰer than with any other similar verb that might refer to something that beavers habitually do the ability to cut down trees for example could be expressed by forming a simple agent noun iterativity would not need to be emphasised the male beaver s legendary defensive stratagem biting off its testicles and throwing them before hunters would of course be a one time trick and being brown is not even eventive let alone iterative so much for beavers and for the topic of indo european nouns showing cv type reduplication the next post will be about reduplication in verbs reduplication back to the table of contents 1 the simple thematic presents arose in the core indo european group and are absent from the anatolian languages as far as we know only a small number are known from tocharian bʰér e o is one of them 2 the alternative iterative stem bʰor éje o is attested only in greek as pʰoréō carry around wear possess a feature 3 see lat conferō bring together collect and compounds like vedic iṣu bhṛ́ t arrow carrying describing an archer posted by piotr gąsiorowski at 12 28 17 comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest 18 january 2016 towards a more realistic beaver when we consider the known patterns of cv reduplication in indo european we find that different reduplicated adjectives or nouns with very similar meanings can be derived in parallel from the same verb root one pair already mentioned is vedic sásni a cákri type word siṣṇú both from the verb root senh gain strive after accomplish both adjectives mean approximately constantly gaining winning for oneself or others no cv reduplicated present derived from this root is attested it forms an indo iranian reduplicated perfect which however expresses a completed action and has no iterative or habitual connotations and a vedic intensive present with full reduplication which does mean gain acquire repeatedly but is structurally different from the adjectives in question 1 it is possible however that once a productive derivational schema became established it was not essential that an actual cv reduplicated present should exist e e r ø i or e i r ø u adjectives as well as e e r ø o kʷékʷlo type nouns could be formed directly on the basis of a verb root in one of the rigvedic hymns to indra book 6 23 4b the god is described as follows babhrír vájram papíḥ sómaṃ dadír gā́ḥ carrying the vajra drinking soma giving cows doing all these things habitually i e whenever he comes to attend a soma pressing we have no fewer than three cákri type quasi partciples here 2 note that they take accusative objects like the corresponding verbs and yet although all the three verbs form cv reduplicated presents in vedic the adjectives can t be derived directly from those presents the vedic present of bʰer carry 3sg 3pl is bi bhár ti 3 bí bhr ati with an i reduplication 4 from poh i drink we have pí b a ti pí b a nti at least in the latter case both the i reduplication and the voiced b by assimilation from the sequence ph with a voiced laryngeal are very old at least as old as the common ancestor of vedic latin and the celtic languages 5 the adjective papí seems to have been formed directly to the indo aryan root pā pī using the cákri type template the type itself is probably an indo iranian innovation especially productive in vedic inspired by the use of i rather than o as the final vowel in compound stems the precursor of the cákri type is essentially identical with the kʷékʷlo type except perhaps for an accentual contrast between nouns and adjectives if the final accent of bhabhrí is original and the initial one in cákri is a vedic innovation therefore the formation represented by bhabhrí is a reworking of an older type which can be reconstructed as bʰe bʰr ó ever carrying or when substantivised bʰé bʰr o habitual carrier a parallel u stem with practically the same meaning may also have existed either bʰi bʰr ú like ved siṣṇú or possibly bʰe bʰr ú like ved pari tatnú surrounding 6 thus both the ce ci variation in the echo and the coexistence of stems in o and u can be explained with recourse to known indo european word forming processes two well known indo european semiaquatic mammals conrad gessner de piscium et aquatilium animantium natura wellcome images but wait a moment bʰé bʰr o and bʰi bʰr ú look exactly like the reconstructed variants of the beaver word if beavers owe their indo european name not to their coat colour but to some characteristic habitual activity the verb describing that activity should be similar to bʰer carry there are for example a couple of known roots of the shape bʰerh one meaning cut strike pierce fight with an unspecified laryngeal and the other move rapidly rush chase in which h h or h the laryngeal would have been lost in a reduplication containing the root in zero grade so we would not be able to see any difference between the outcomes of bʰr and bʰrh stretching the imagination a little one would be able to connect the meaning of any of these roots with the beaver s habits for example the first bʰerh is glossed mit sharfem werkzeug bearbeiten 7 in the liv and what are the beaver s incisors if not ein sharfes werkzeug still i would like to defend the simplest solution involving the most widespread and most securely reconstructed of these roots namely bʰer carry i will justify my preference in the next post here let me only point out that no matter which root we choose it makes sense to assume that there were more than one related but independently formed variants of the beaver s name already at a very early stage at least bʰébʰros and bʰibʰrús it seems that both of them were inherited by languages ancestral to some of the branches of indo european their visible relatedness and perhaps the existence in some branches of recognisably related reduplicated verb forms could have produced still more variants through a kind of lexical cross pollination hence the attested variation of the echo vowel the stem class and the accentuation reduplication back to the table of contents 1 reduplication in verbs will be discussed in blog posts to come 2 they are accented on the stem vowel unlike cákri itself but the accentual variation looks random and is not correlated with any functional difference 3 with the root syllable accented in the rigveda later the accent was shifted to the echo syllable bhíbharti 4 when not reduplicated the vedic present bhárati usually has a telic meaning i e bring a complete one time activity rather than carry bear wield 5 the original forms were pí ph e ti pí ph o nti with the second p realised as b 6 cf germanic tetru tetru ka or titru ka skin disease scabies oe teter mod e tetter ohg zitaroh sanskrit dadru dadrū f leprosy apparently from der tear flay peel 7 that is work on something with a sharp tool a bit conjecturally to be sure since most of the attested meanings suggest the use of a weapon rather than a carpenter s tool or are figurative scold rebuke etc posted by piotr gąsiorowski at 00 33 8 comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest 12 january 2016 enter the beaver beaver rampant arms of biberach an der riß arthur charles fox davies a comp lete guide to heraldry 1909 wikimedia commons most etymological dictionaries introductions to indo european studies as well as online sources including wikipedia and wiktionary inform the reader that the proto indo european word for beaver bʰébʰr...