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ime minister constantin dascălescu by the foreign minister ion stoian and by the former defense minister general constantin olteanu attending in his new position as the rcp central committee secretary for foreign relations v as of this writing the transcript of that meeting had not surfaced in the archives in keeping with standard warsaw pact practice the hungarian report downplayed the discordant romanian position in this case by excluding it altogether vi it is worth bearing in mind that the cia had reported the gorbachev ceauşescu debate as one of the main events of the december 4 meeting within a day of its occurrence even though still unaware of its content vii for that information the separate recollections of foreign minister stoian and foreign relations secretary olteanu regarding that meeting which agree in their fundamental aspects are worth considering particularly so since both accord with ceauşescu s comments during the political executive committee of november 27 1989 that considered gorbachev s invitation to moscow for a briefing on the malta meeting in the first place as ceauşescu explained to the polexcom they went into czechoslovakia in 1968 and forced them to approve the invasion if they now consider that what they did was a mistake then why don t they withdraw their troops from there but instead of withdrawing them they are reinforcing them the first measure to be taken was precisely that the withdrawal of the troops but they are not thinking about that the czechs accepted the troops and they continue to maintain troops there in fact they realized an organized coup ďetat viii gorbachev and bush aboard the maxim gorky malta according to both stoian and olteanu gorbachev was in the midst of presenting a very general and generally unsatisfying account of his meetings at malta with president george bush sr when he launched into the problem of revising and re evaluating the military occupation of czechoslovakia by warsaw treaty troops in 1968 ix ceauşescu immediately bristled at this having repeatedly stressed that the soviet alliance could only undertake operations on the basis of unanimity not only had romania not been consulted its vociferous condemnation of the invasion clearly signaled its contemporaneous veto therefore the romanian leader insisted the occupation had been carried out by troops of the soviet union poland hungary bulgaria and east germany only and not by the warsaw pact which implied romanian involvement as a member of that alliance ion stoian according to stoian gorbachev then proposed issuing a communiqué by those who were implicated then except for romania which the soviet leader said exits from this problem again ceauşescu interrupted stipulating that romania could hardly exit since it did not enter into czechoslovakia in the first place we did not enter because we appreciated that it was a serious transgression of the sovereignty and independence of a state an aggressive act contrary to the norms and principles of relations between states which did much damage to socialism and to the soviet union x the romanian stance was indeed familiar to the soviet leadership it corresponded almost exactly to the position that the romanian leadership took in august 1968 on the day soviet polish hungarian east german and bulgarian troops marched into czechoslovakia the intervention of the troops of the five socialist countries in czechoslovakia is a great mistake and a serious danger to peace in europe it is inconceivable in today s world when peoples are rising up to defend their national independence and equal rights that a socialist state that socialist states should violate the independence of another state there is neither justification nor any possible motive for accepting even for a moment the idea of military intervention in the domestic affairs of a fraternal socialist state l romania condemns the invasion of czechoslovakia august 21 1968 fototeca online a comunismului romanesc cota 175 1968 stoian further reports that hungarian party leader resző nyers immediately approved ceauşescu s remarks thus continuing the hungarian practice of stalking and quickly associating itself with romania s dissident positions as well as telegraphing budapest s intentions to approach the same issue regarding hungary in the near future the subsequent discussion of the text of the proposed communiqué then became a largely bilateral one between gorbachev and ceauşescu also a fairly common feature of warsaw pact leadership meetings finally gorbachev announced that everyone could now agree on the text since even comrade ceauşescu now agreed which prompted the following exchange ceauşescu although formally speaking this does not concern us we have long expressed our point of view against the invasion nevertheless we can agree with this text i can say that if we had edited the communiqué it would have been much better for example the withdrawal of soviet troops from czechoslovakia should also be mentioned in a clear phrase gorbachev this is a problem that we will resolve bilaterally with the czechoslovak comrades you know i believe that is an agreement between us and czechoslovakia regarding the stationing of soviet troops there ceauşescu yes i know there is a bilateral accord concluded after the occupation of czechoslovakia gorbachev on this issue we will never reach an understanding with you ceauşescu yes on that we can agree xi general constantin olteanu general olteanu similarly reports that gorbachev s proposal that all sign the declaration condemning the intervention in czechoslovakia was met by ceauşescu s interjection that only those who intervened should sign and that we have nothing to sign because romania had not only refused to intervene it had condemned the invasion then and there and continually thereafter xii the visibly irritated gorbachev agreed sarcastically asking the romanian leader if he was happy now but did not get much further in his exposition before ceauşescu interrupted a second time continuing to speak the romanian leader recommended that the problem be followed to its logical end in the sense that if everyone now recognizes and condemns the 1968 act and in order to repair the mistake the withdrawal of soviet troops from czechoslovakia should be ordered immediately there was a slight agitation in the hall as the delegates whispered amongst themselves because mikhail gorbachev was again surprised and did not have a response prepared for this situation a pause was proposed for reflection and consultations xiii after the pause the soviet leader stated his intention to discuss the matter separately with the czechoslovak delegation which was staying on after the meeting apparently gorbachev could not resist goading his romanian counterpart then mikhail gorbachev mockingly addressed nicolae ceauşescu it that okay with you comrade ceauşescu nicolae ceauşescu responded affirmatively and added that it would be good if the withdrawal of soviet troops could be implemented in the shortest time possible not only from czechoslovakia but from all of the other countries where they were still deployed which produced a powerful murmuring in the hall at that point egon krenz who had been consulted during the break took the floor arguing that such an action is not opportune that they would be left defenseless against the imperialists etc members of the other delegations commented from their seats understanding the situation in which he now found himself mikhail gorbachev did not reject the romanian delegation s proposal but affirmed that it was a question requiring discussion by the ussr with the respective countries and that it must be addressed in an organized manner as a problem for the future on the basis of a plan agreed between the countries following bilateral discussions xiv according to general olteanu ceauşescu s performance inspired awe among the rest of the romanian delegation once again taking his soviet interlocutors by surprise and leaving them bewildered and exasperated the romanian leader olteanu reports intentionally leapt into this extraordinarily dangerous question calling for the complete removal of soviet military forces from central europe alone against everyone xv this was indeed heady stuff the soviet leader was barely mastering the process of change within the bloc as it was a couple of weeks earlier the romanian leader had explicitly called upon moscow to vacate the negative consequences of the molotov ribbentrop pact in europe including the stationing of occupation forces on east european territories xvi as ceauşescu declared to the last rcp plenum at the end of november 1989 never to be forgotten is the lesson of history and the fact that hitler s germany received encouragement to initiate the second world war as a result of a policy of concession to nazi germany never should we forget that the agreement between hitler s germany and the soviet union did not abolish the threat of war next year will be 45 years since the termination of the second world war hence romania believes that we must take steps for adopting the necessary measures for resolving all of the problems left unresolved it appears necessary to adopt a clear and unequivocal position condemning and annulling all agreements concluded with hitler s germany drawing practical conclusions for annulling all of the consequences of those agreements and diktats it is abnormal that after 45 years from the conclusion of the war no treaty of peace has been realized between all of the states and no real peace has been installed in europe it thus appears necessary to move towards negotiations between the interested states for the conclusion of peace treaties and the complete elimination of the consequences of the second world war xvii within a fortnight of the december 1989 meeting a variety of polish groups would begin calling publicly for soviet troops to leave their country xviii likeiwse the hungarian parliament would be admonished by its own senior military officers including defense minister kárpáti to hold talks with the soviet government on fully withdrawing soviet troops since there were no military or political reasons for the stationing of soviet troops in hungary xix and shortly thereafter czechoslovak authorities would announce discussions regarding the continuing presence of soviet troops in their country describing the accord on soviet presence reached after the 1968 invasion as invalid xx i warsaw pact condemning invasion of czechoslovakia in national intelligence daily tuesday 5 december 1989 p 10 u s central intelligence agency http www foia cia gov sites default files document_conversions 89801 doc_0000259069 pdf see also walter mayr christian neef and jan puhl how poland and hungary led the way in 1989 der spiegel 30 october 2009 ii ryzhkov sending troops unacceptable afp in english 23 december 1989 1500 gmt in foreign broadcast information service soviet union fbis sov 89 246 washington d c u s government printing office 26 december 1989 p 13 iii don oberdorfer from the cold war to the new era the united states and the soviet union 1983 1991 baltimore the johns hopkins university press 1998 p 386 gorbachev stated that the illegal disruption of the process of democratic renewal in czechoslovakia had long term consequences history showed how important it is even in the most complex international situations to use political means for the solution of any problems and to observe strictly the principles of sovereignty independence and non interference in internal affairs which is in accordance with the tenets of the warsaw pact the true irony was that virtually all u s analysts believed the romanians had renounced their quarter century long policy and that the hostile soviet romanian relationship was preserved intact only with both assuming diametrically opposite roles iv according to one analyst for example ceauşescu refused to sign the resolution condemning the invasion and refused to repudiate the brezhnev doctrine suggesting that the romanian leader now favored the use of military intervention ceauşescu s argument that to do so would have been to accept responsibility for an invasion that romania had always condemned was considered by the analyst to be a lame excuse tom gallagher outcast europe the balkans 1789 1989 from the ottomans to milosevic amsterdam harwood academic publishers 2003 pp 256 257 v dascălescu had been prime minister since 1982 stoian had been cc secretary for foreign relations from 1984 until the beginning of november 1989 when he was appointed foreign minister olteanu had been cc secretary for press and propaganda since may 1988 before he became cc secretary for foreign relations at the beginning of november 1989 vi report of the hungarian ministry of foreign affairs f somogyi for the council of ministers about the meeting of the leaders of the warsaw pact on 4 december december 06 1989 history and public policy program digital archive obtained by béla révész translated and edited by barnabás vajd laura deal and karl p benziger http digitalarchive wilsoncenter org document 121893 rezső nyers s handwritten notes on gorbachev s briefing on the malta summit at the meeting of the warsaw pact leaders in moscow on 4 december december 04 1989 history and public policy program digital archive http digitalarchive wilsoncenter org document 121884 vii warsaw pact condemning invasion of czechoslovakia in national intelligence daily tuesday 5 december 1989 p 10 cia viii transcript of the executive political committee meeting november 27 1989 romanian national archives arhivele na ţionale ale rom âniei anr fond c c al p c r secţia cancelarie dosar 66 1989 f 22 this file contains both gorbachev s announcement of the upcoming malta meeting and the detailed agenda of what he intended to discuss as well as ceauşescu s detailed response which unless other pact members gave the same advice influenced the soviet leaders presentation to president bush see ibid f 19 39 ix the account of former foreign minister ion stoian is reproduced in the romanian ministry of defense s collection of documents related to the romanian revolution from a 1994 newspaper interview see costache codrescu coordinator armata română în revoluţia din decembrie 1989 studiu documentar the romanian army in the revolution of december 1989 a documentary study revised 2 nd edition bucharest editura militară 1998 pp 41 42 olteanu s account is from a june 20 2005 interview in alex mihai stoenescu istoria loviturilor de stat in românia revoluţia din decembrie 1989 o tragedie româneasca history of the coup d etat in romania the revolution of december 1989 a romanian tragedy vol 4 part ii bucharest rao 2005 p 695 as olteanu later pointed out gorbachev did not condemn the act of invasion per se he merely recognized it as a mistake and called upon the other pact members to admit so as well constantin olteanu o viaţă de om dialog cu jurnali...