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demption date can be types of cash equivalents while all cash equivalent investments are similar in providing liquidity and price stability there are some important differences among the four major types of investments in this category certificates of deposit cds u s treasury bills t bills bank money market accounts and money market mutual funds some cash equivalents such as money market accounts and money market funds offer greater liquidity or access to your money while others such as cds offer less liquidity but may pay higher rates of interest and some cash investments are insured while others aren t the advantage of insurance is that you can be confident that your money is safe but the drawback is that insured accounts typically pay a lower rate of interest than uninsured accounts some experts also consider short term bond funds as cash equivalent investments since they are highly liquid and their value is fairly stable but unlike any other cash equivalents you can realize capital gains or capital losses when you sell these funds certificates of deposit certificates of deposit cds also known as time deposits pay interest for a fixed term usually at a fixed rate the shortest cd term is usually three months and the longest is five years in general the longer the term is the higher the rate the cd pays that s to compensate you for tying up your money for a longer period you can always withdraw money from a cd before its maturity date but you may forfeit some or all of the interest you expected to earn u s treasurys u s treasury bills t bills are short term government debt securities that are available in 4 13 and 26 week terms they re considered cash investments because of their short duration and their u s government backing in fact they re sometimes described as risk free investments and serve as the standard against which the risk posed by other investments is measured money market investments money market accounts and money market funds offered by banks and mutual funds respectively resemble checking accounts in that they offer the highest degree of liquidity for example you can write checks against your account withdraw cash or have the money transferred between accounts the same business day but money market accounts and funds pay higher interest rates than interest bearing checking accounts or regular savings accounts because they typically require higher minimum deposits money market accounts are available at most local national and online banks most accounts have check writing privileges though there s often a limit on the number of checks you may write per month without incurring a fee each check may have to be written for a minimum amount set by the bank and you may be charged a fee or lose some interest if your account balance falls below the bank s minimum money market funds are available from most mutual fund companies either as taxable or tax free accounts all money market funds make very short term investments to maintain their value at 1 a share taxable funds buy various types of corporate and government debt while tax free funds buy municipal debt source wikipedia path to investing more structure and content of financial statement structure and content of financial statements in general clearly identify ias 1 46 the financial statements the reporting enterprise whether the statements are for the enterprise or for a group the date or period covered the presentation currency the level of precision thousands millions etc reporting period there is a presumption that financial statements will be prepared at least annually if the annual reporting period changes and financial statements are prepared for a different period the enterprise must disclose the reason for the change and a warning about problems of comparability ias 1 49 statement of financial position an entity must normally present a classified statement of financial position separating current and noncurrent assets and liabilities only if a presentation based on liquidity provides information that is reliable and more relevant may the current noncurrent split be omitted ias 1 51 in either case if an asset liability category commingles amounts that will be received settled after 12 months with assets liabilities that will be received settled within 12 months note disclosure is required that separates the longer term amounts from the 12 month amounts ias 1 52 current assets are cash cash equivalent assets held for collection sale or consumption within the enterprise s normal operating cycle or assets held for trading within the next 12 months all other assets are noncurrent ias 1 57 current liabilities are those to be settled within the enterprise s normal operating cycle or due within 12 months or those held for trading or those for which the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer payment beyond 12 months other liabilities are noncurrent ias 1 60 long term debt expected to be refinanced under an existing loan facility is noncurrent even if due within 12 months ias 1 64 if a liability has become payable on demand because an entity has breached an undertaking under a long term loan agreement on or before the reporting date the liability is current even if the lender has agreed after the reporting date and before the authorisation of the financial statements for issue not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach ias 1 65 however the liability is classified as non current if the lender agreed by the reporting date to provide a period of grace ending at least 12 months after the reporting date within which the entity can rectify the breach and during which the lender cannot demand immediate repayment ia 1 66 minimum items on the face of the statement of financial position ias 1 68 a property plant and equipment b investment property c intangible assets d financial assets excluding amounts shown under e h and i e investments accounted for using the equity method f biological assets g inventories h trade and other receivables i cash and cash equivalents j trade and other payables k provisions l financial liabilities excluding amounts shown under j and k m liabilities and assets for current tax as defined in ias 12 n deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets as defined in ias 12 o minority interest presented within equity and p issued capital and reserves attributable to equity holders of the parent additional line items may be needed to fairly present the entity s financial position ias 1 69 ias 1 does not prescribe the format of the balance sheet assets can be presented current then noncurrent or vice versa and liabilities and equity can be presented current then noncurrent then equity or vice versa a net asset presentation assets minus liabilities is allowed the long term financing approach used in uk and elsewhere fixed assets current assets short term payables long term debt plus equity is also acceptable regarding issued share capital and reserves the following disclosures are required ias 1 76 numbers of shares authorised issued and fully paid and issued but not fully paid par value reconciliation of shares outstanding at the beginning and the end of the period description of rights preferences and restrictions treasury shares including shares held by subsidiaries and associates shares reserved for issuance under options and contracts a description of the nature and purpose of each reserve within owners equity source ias more fair value measurement fair value also called fair price in a commonplace conflation of the two distinct concepts is a concept used in finance and economics defined as a rational and unbiased estimate of the potential market price of a good service or asset taking into account such objective factors as acquisition production distribution costs replacement costs or costs of close substitutes actual utility at a given level of development of social productive capability supply vs demand and subjective factors such as risk characteristics cost of capital individually perceived utility differences between the definitions of fair value in sfas 157 and in ifrss sfas 157 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date ifrss defined as the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an arm s length transaction with some slight variations in wording in different standards the difference set in 3 ways sfas is explicitly an exit selling price ifrss is neither explicitly an exit price nor an entry buying price sfas 157 explicitly refers to market participants the definition in ifrss refers to knowledgeable willing parties in an arm s length transaction for liabilities the definition of fair value in sfas 157 rests on the notion that the liability is transferred the liability to the counterparty continues it is not settled with the counterparty the definition in ifrss refers to the amount at which a liability could be settled between knowledgeable willing parties in an arm s length transaction the developments included the deferral of the effective date of sfas 157 for non recurring measurements for example in business combinations it was noted that these developments would have no impact on the iasb project on fair value measurements assets o current entry price the price that would be paid to buy an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date o current exit price the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date liabilities o current entry price the price that would be received to incur a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date o current exit price i transfer notion the price that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date o current exit price ii settlement notion the price that would be paid to settle a liability in an orderly transaction at the measurement date for detail information my learning source ias plus more disclosure of balance sheet disclose the significance of financial instruments for an entity s financial position and performance ifrs 7 7 this includes disclosures for each of the following categories ifrs 7 8 financial assets measured at fair value through profit and loss showing separately those held for trading and those designated at initial recognition held to maturity investments loans and receivables available for sale assets financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss showing separately those held for trading and those designated at initial recognition financial liabilities measured at amortised cost other balance sheet related disclosures special disclosures about financial assets and financial liabilities designated to be measured at fair value through profit and loss including disclosures about credit risk and market risk and changes in fair values ifrs 7 9 10 reclassifications of financial instruments from fair value to amortised cost or vice versa ifrs 7 12 disclosures about derecognitions including transfers of financial assets for which derecogntion accounting is not permitted by ias 39 ifrs 7 13 information about financial assets pledged as collateral and about financial or non financial assets held as collateral ifrs 7 14 15 reconciliation of the allowance account for credit losses bad debts ifrs 7 16 information about compound financial instruments with multiple embedded derivatives ifrs 7 17 breaches of terms of loan agreements ifrs 7 18 19 source ifrs more financial statement objective is to prescribe the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements to ensure comparability both with the entity s financial statements of previous periods and with the financial statements of other entities the objective of general purpose financial statements is to provide information about the financial position financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions to meet that objective financial statements provide information about an entity s ias 1 7 assets liabilities equity income and expenses including gains and losses other changes in equity cash flows that information along with other information in the notes assists users of financial statements in predicting the entity s future cash flows and in particular their timing and certainty components of financial statements a complete set of financial statements should include ias 1 8 a statement of financial position at the end of the period a statement of comprehensive income for the period a statement of changes in equity for the period statement of cash flows for the period and notes comprising a summary of accounting policies and other explanatory notes when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements or when it reclassifies items in its financial statements it must also present a statement of financial position as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period an entity may use titles for the statements other than those stated above reports that are presented outside of the financial statements including financial reviews by management environmental reports and value added statements are outside the scope of ifrss ias 1 9 10 sources international accounting standard more international financial accounting standard framework objective of financial statements a framework is the foundation of accounting standards the framework states that the objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position performance and changes in the financial position of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions and to provide the current financial status of the entity to its shareholders and public in general underlying assumptions the underlying assumptions used in ifrs are accrual basis the effect of transactions and other events are recognized when they occur not as cash is received or paid going concern the financial statements are prepared on the basis that an entity will continue in operation for the foreseeable future qualitative characteristics of financial statements the framework describes the qualitative characteristics of financial statements as having understandability relevance reliability comparability and compatibility elements of financial statements the framework sets out the statement of financial position balance sheet as comprising assets resources controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity liabilities a present obligation of the entity arising from past events ...
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