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kees leune kees leune mailcon 4 busy home about email mailcon office hours publications research students teaching 2026 all rights reserved kees leune thoughts and ponderings essential computer science lore 11 mar 2026 watching a class of undergrad cs students work on a midterm exam for a c programming course was a good motivator to start putting together this list of essential cs lore i believe that any cs student or practitioner or adjacent as well as anyone interested in the discipline should have detailed knowledge of all of these movies tv mr robot 2015 widely considered the most technically accurate portrayal of hacking on television shows real tools realistic attack vectors and plausible social engineering explores hacker culture cybersecurity ethics and corporate power the matrix 1999 introduced the mainstream world to philosophical questions about simulation reality and ai red pill blue pill became a cultural meme far beyond cs sneakers 1992 a cult classic about penetration testing before the term existed explores cryptography surveillance and social engineering wargames 1983 one of the first films about computer hacking and network access helped inspire real world interest in cybersecurity famous line the only winning move is not to play tron 1982 the first major film to visualize programs as characters and computers as worlds hugely influential on how people imagine inside the machine 2001 a space odyssey 1968 introduced hal 9000 one of the most iconic fictional ais explores ai reliability autonomy and failure books daemon by daniel suarez 2006 and its successor freedom proved that hard sci fi could be written with 100 real world code and protocols visualized how ar and gamification could replace traditional government cryptonomicon by neal stephenson 1999 deeply influential in cryptography and hacker culture frequently cited in startup and security circles snow crash by neal stephenson 1992 popularized the concept of the metaverse mixes distributed systems linguistics and computer viruses as metaphors the cuckoo s egg by clifford stoll 1989 a true story about tracking a hacker in the early internet shows early intrusion detection and network tracing neuromancer by william gibson 1984 defined the cyberpunk genre introduced the word cyberspace hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy by douglas adams 1978 1980 first released as a radio sitcom broadcast and later adapted to books tv shows and even a video game the answer to the ultimate question 42 is one of the most famous jokes in cs culture introduced ideas about supercomputers answering existential questions deeply embedded in programmer humor and references foundation by isaac asimov 1942 1950 introduces psychohistory a fictional predictive science that resonates with modern data science and algorithmic prediction online bofh diaries satirical stories about an abusive system administrator reflects real frustrations of system administrators the jargon file 1975 2012 the name says it all a large file containign hacker slang stopped being actively maintained around 2012 site is unreliable and breaks often user friendly one of the earliest long running sysadmin programmer comics captures 90s 2000s internet culture xkcd probably the most referenced comic among programmers explains complex technical ideas through humor honorable mention dilbert by scott adams satire of corporate engineering culture many developers identify with the bureaucracy and absurd management phd comics by jorge cham captures academic cs culture grad school advisors publishing pressure computerphile arguably the most universally referenced cs youtube channel the cathedral and the bazaar by eric s raymond influential in open source culture foundations for gnu open source licenses what do you think what s here that should not be here or what s missing hello world on the 65c02 18 jan 2026 tl dr check wiring before blaming software after completing the build of my 8 bit computer based on ben eater s kits i have now started work on his 65c02 project i ran into some issue with the arduino mega but decided to skip that bit for now instead i went on to build the entire thing and proceeded with loading wozmon on it directly to absolutely nobody s surprise that didn t work so back to taking a more incremental approach step 1 i built the module with the 65c02 the rom chip and the versatile input output adapter then i customized ben s sample blink s program to make it into a nice cylon or knight rider s kitt woosh that worked in case you re interested that bruteforce code is below i named the file myblink s step 2 the next step was to connect up the display module and see if that worked with ben s hello world s program no issue step 3 now on a roll it was time to hook up the ram and run hello world s again bingo that worked next let s run hello world final s and for sure that did not work step 4 of course rather than second guessing my own build as any good software engineer i blamed the failure to run on somebody else faulty code all i needed to do was write a short test program to demonstrate that i was right so i decided to do just that basically i took the first four low bits of porta and hooked up leds to them the first two bits were toggled by writing directly to porta the second two used three subroutines to toggle the next two pins that way i can see that the program is running and since we already demonstrated that it was fine without needing a stack it was a good control clearly this didn t work either the first two leds toggled just fine but the last two didn t commenting out the subroutine calls confirmed that ben s program was fine after all it really must have been my build instead of ben s code who would have thought anyway after carefully checking all address lines no issue all data lines no issue and the control lines i finally identified that my read write pin was off by one on the 65c02 running the program again quickly demonstrated that my four leds now were toggling nicely that meant that the all component involved were working i e the 65c02 the ram the rom the versatile i o adapter and the nand gates and for sure hello world final s now also worked nicely step 5 all that was left now was replacing the 555 based timer with the 1mhz crystal and we re all good lesson learned start troubleshooting layer 1 next up serial interfacing myblink s org 8000 reset lda ff sta 6002 lda 50 sta 6000 loop lda 1 ltr sta 6000 output value cmp 128 if we are on the last bit beq rev asl shift left jmp ltr rev sta 6000 cmp 1 beq ltr lsr jmp rev org fffc word reset word 0000 ram test s portb 6000 porta 6001 ddrb 6002 ddra 6003 org 8000 reset lda 00001111 set least signficant bits on port a to output sta ddra loop first try without using ram lda 00000001 sta porta lda 00000010 sta porta then try with ram jsr pattern1 jsr output jsr pattern2 jsr output jmp loop pattern1 lda 00000100 rts pattern2 lda 00001000 rts output sta porta rts org fffc word reset word 0000 test programs for my 8 bit computer 06 jan 2026 in my previous post i announced that build of ben eater s 8 bit computer is done that means it is now time to put it through its paces my goal is to develop a sequence of programs that will test every opcode that is available to us in the basic instruction set the total instruction set includes ldi x load the value x directly into the a register lda x load the value specified at address x into the a register sta x store the value in the a register into memory location x hlt stops program execution out prints the value in the a register to the display add x adds the value stored in memory location x to the value in the a register and store the result in the a register sub x subtracts the value tored in memory location x from the value in the a register and store the result in the a register jmp x continue program execution at address x jz x continue program execution at address x if the zero bit is set in the flags jc x continue program execution at address x if the carry bit is set in the flags program 1 0 lda 14 1 add 15 2 out 3 hlt 14 28 15 14 this program test lda add out and hlt if you enter the program and get the value 42 printed on the display when you run it those instructions work this is the program that ben uses in his videos program 2 0 ldi 1 0101 0001 1 out 1110 0001 2 add 15 0010 1111 3 jmp 1 0110 0001 15 0000 0001 start counting at 1 and increment the counter each time the program loops this program adds tests for ldi and jmp if your program starts counting at 1 shows the value on the display and then continues to the next number the instructions work program 3 0 ldi 15 0101 1111 1 out 1110 0001 2 sub 15 0011 1111 3 jz 0 1000 0000 4 jmp 1 0110 0001 15 0000 0001 start counting at 15 and count down to 0 when the counter reaches 0 start back at 15 after each counter update show the result on the display this program adds tests for sub and jz the expected behavior is that you ll see the counter count down from 15 to 0 inclusive and then restart at program 4 0 ldi 10 0101 1010 1 sta 15 0100 1111 2 ldi 5 0101 0101 3 lda 15 0001 1111 4 out 1110 1111 5 hlt 1111 1111 i couldn t really come up with a fancy one so i kept it simple this programs loads the value 10 into the a register and the stores it at memory address 15 it then changes the a register to 5 followed by retrieving address 15 and storing it into the a register lastly the program ends this program adds tests for sta if the display shows the number 5 there is a problem if it shows the number 10 we re all good to go update i forgot to check for jc to be continued it is alive 03 jan 2026 it is alive the 8 bit computer works well in any case some parts of it do the program that ben uses in his videos works it outputs 42 as it should 0 lda 14 1 add 15 2 out 3 hlt 14 28 15 14 that means that the commands lda add out hlt are implemented correctly in addition to my previous lessons learned here are some more insights build using the schematics using the videos is fine as reference but they should not lead redraw the schematics if you make changes to the circuits for example you want to do this if you switch out components i used kicad don t be afraid to mark up schematics i marked them quite a bit sometimes with l and r to denote components left or right or with arrows to denote direction of data flow it helps understand what s actually going on which is necessary to troubleshoot for example pull all unused inputs high or low so that the corresponding output is high i used 10k resistors pull all outputs on the microcode eeproms high or low active low control signals get pulled high active high control signals get pulled low i used 10k resistors add current limiting resistors to all leds i forgot the program counter ones which caused their 74ls245 to not behave nicely this does mean that you ll have to move stuff around on the board there simply isn t enough space to put leds with the current limiting resistors to keep them where ben has them in his videos don t skip any wires it took quite a bit of troubleshooting to realize that i never connected the 74ls283s in the alu to the a register oops when you get to the stage that you have all of the boards in use hot glue them to a piece of 1 8 plywood that allows you to move your project without worrying that things are going to shift i made mine to be the height of the computer but gave myself about 10 in either side left right so i can move my pliers multimeter etc with the project what s next write code to test all the instructions i ll post updates about that too 8 bit computer 22 dec 2025 i have decided to build ben eater s 8 bit computer during winter break the initial wiring is done of course that didn t go without issues i ran out of wire that s my own fault i changed the layout of the board and made some miscuts i had other colored wire laying around but that was not single core you ll see some of the green stuff in the bottom left see below since it is not solid core it also doesn t hold shape as well i fried a ton of leds in the process so despite reading helpful tips and recommendations for ben eater s 8 bit computer project and not using current limiting resistors everywhere i went ahead and did that this also solved the problem of low voltages causing inputs not to reach ttl levels leds were easy to get on amazon i must have also killed some other components along the way i know of at least one 74ls245 and one 74ls04 amazon to the rescue again for a set of various components and for a bunch of new inverters the dip switches just didn t want to stay in the board so i ended up having to solder some header pins to them that fixed the issue completely one of my memory chips was bad reddit to the rescue thanks to the8bitenthusiast on the r beneater subreddit i found an updated schema using a newer memory chip in the r beneater subreddit right now i m troubleshooting it seems that the 47ls173 in the instruction register is getting all the correct input voltages but doesn t actually output the bus signal to the output pins when i remove the chip from the board and test it in isolation it does work however older newer