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meltdown and spectre meltdown and spectre vulnerabilities in modern computers leak passwords and sensitive data meltdown and spectre exploit critical vulnerabilities in modern processors these hardware vulnerabilities allow programs to steal data which is currently processed on the computer while programs are typically not permitted to read data from other programs a malicious program can exploit meltdown and spectre to get hold of secrets stored in the memory of other running programs this might include your passwords stored in a password manager or browser your personal photos emails instant messages and even business critical documents meltdown and spectre work on personal computers mobile devices and in the cloud depending on the cloud provider s infrastructure it might be possible to steal data from other customers meltdown meltdown breaks the most fundamental isolation between user applications and the operating system this attack allows a program to access the memory and thus also the secrets of other programs and the operating system if your computer has a vulnerable processor and runs an unpatched operating system it is not safe to work with sensitive information without the chance of leaking the information this applies both to personal computers as well as cloud infrastructure luckily there are software patches against meltdown meltdown paper cite arxiv spectre spectre breaks the isolation between different applications it allows an attacker to trick error free programs which follow best practices into leaking their secrets in fact the safety checks of said best practices actually increase the attack surface and may make applications more susceptible to spectre spectre is harder to exploit than meltdown but it is also harder to mitigate however it is possible to prevent specific known exploits based on spectre through software patches spectre paper cite arxiv who reported meltdown meltdown was independently discovered and reported by three teams jann horn google project zero werner haas thomas prescher cyberus technology daniel gruss moritz lipp stefan mangard michael schwarz graz university of technology who reported spectre spectre was independently discovered and reported by two people jann horn google project zero and paul kocher in collaboration with in alphabetical order daniel genkin university of pennsylvania and university of maryland mike hamburg rambus moritz lipp graz university of technology and yuval yarom university of adelaide and data61 questions answers am i affected by the vulnerability most certainly yes can i detect if someone has exploited meltdown or spectre against me probably not the exploitation does not leave any traces in traditional log files can my antivirus detect or block this attack while possible in theory this is unlikely in practice unlike usual malware meltdown and spectre are hard to distinguish from regular benign applications however your antivirus may detect malware which uses the attacks by comparing binaries after they become known what can be leaked if your system is affected our proof of concept exploit can read the memory content of your computer this may include passwords and sensitive data stored on the system has meltdown or spectre been abused in the wild we don t know is there a workaround fix there are patches against meltdown for linux kpti formerly kaiser windows and os x there is also work to harden software against future exploitation of spectre respectively to patch software after exploitation through spectre llvm patch msvc arm speculation barrier header which systems are affected by meltdown desktop laptop and cloud computers may be affected by meltdown more technically every intel processor which implements out of order execution is potentially affected which is effectively every processor since 1995 except intel itanium and intel atom before 2013 we successfully tested meltdown on intel processor generations released as early as 2011 currently we have only verified meltdown on intel processors at the moment it is unclear whether amd processors are also affected by meltdown according to arm some of their processors are also affected which systems are affected by spectre almost every system is affected by spectre desktops laptops cloud servers as well as smartphones more specifically all modern processors capable of keeping many instructions in flight are potentially vulnerable in particular we have verified spectre on intel amd and arm processors which cloud providers are affected by meltdown cloud providers which use intel cpus and xen pv as virtualization without having patches applied furthermore cloud providers without real hardware virtualization relying on containers that share one kernel such as docker lxc or openvz are affected what is the difference between meltdown and spectre meltdown breaks the mechanism that keeps applications from accessing arbitrary system memory consequently applications can access system memory spectre tricks other applications into accessing arbitrary locations in their memory both attacks use side channels to obtain the information from the accessed memory location for a more technical discussion we refer to the papers meltdown and spectre why is it called meltdown the vulnerability basically melts security boundaries which are normally enforced by the hardware why is it called spectre the name is based on the root cause speculative execution as it is not easy to fix it will haunt us for quite some time is there more technical information about meltdown and spectre yes there is an academic paper and a blog post about meltdown and an academic paper about spectre furthermore there is a google project zero blog entry about both attacks what are cve 2017 5753 and cve 2017 5715 cve 2017 5753 and cve 2017 5715 are the official references to spectre cve is the standard for information security vulnerability names maintained by mitre what is the cve 2017 5754 cve 2017 5754 is the official reference to meltdown cve is the standard for information security vulnerability names maintained by mitre can i see meltdown in action can i use the logo both the meltdown and spectre logo are free to use rights waived via cc0 logos are designed by natascha eibl logo logo with text code illustration meltdown png svg png svg png svg spectre png svg png svg png svg is there a proof of concept code yes there is a github repository containing test code for meltdown where can i find official infos security advisories of involved affected companies link intel security advisory newsroom whitepaper arm security update amd security information risc v blog nvidia security bulletin product security microsoft security guidance information regarding anti virus software azure blog windows client windows server amazon security bulletin google project zero blog need to know android security bulletin apple apple support lenovo security advisory ibm blog dell knowledge base knowledge base server hewlett packard enterprise vulnerability alert hp inc security bulletin huawei security notice synology security advisory cisco security advisory f5 security advisory mozilla security blog red hat vulnerability response performance impacts debian security tracker ubuntu knowledge base suse vulnerability response fedora kernel update qubes announcement fortinet advisory netapp advisory llvm spectre variant 2 patch review __builtin_load_no_speculate review llvm nospeculateload cert vulnerability note mitre cve 2017 5715 cve 2017 5753 cve 2017 5754 vmware security advisory blog citrix security bulletin security bulletin xenserver xen security advisory xsa 254 faq acknowledgements we would like to thank intel for awarding us with a bug bounty for the responsible disclosure process and their professional handling of this issue through communicating a clear timeline and connecting all involved researchers furthermore we would also thank arm for their fast response upon disclosing the issue this work was supported in part by the european research council erc under the european union s horizon 2020 research and innovation programme grant agreement no 681402 this work was supported in part by nsf awards 1514261 and 1652259 financial assistance award 70nanb15h328 from the u s department of commerce national institute of standards and technology the 2017 2018 rothschild postdoctoral fellowship and the defense advanced research project agency darpa under contract fa8650 16 c 7622 2018 graz university of technology all rights reserved system hosted at graz university of technology legal notice