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description=A Database of Modernist Architectural Theory;

Headings (most frequently used words):

the, of, and, architecture, in, van, 1927, on, 1929, 1928, 1924, ernő, kállai, theo, doesburg, art, 1930, 1922, to, painting, 1925, 1923, exhibition, russian, new, walter, ludwig, der, 1926, from, building, mies, rohe, for, 1918, le, corbusier, piet, mondrian, at, modern, lissitzky, 1931, lajos, construction, bauhaus, karel, teige, kassák, artists, 1921, constructivism, moscow, ginzburg, el, form, mart, stam, lászló, moholy, nagy, manifesto, stijl, architectural, nikolai, notes, moisei, by, 1932, gropius, ладовский, hans, alfréd, kemény, de, berlin, hannes, meyer, design, an, stuttgart, malevich, problem, first, years, composition, group, аснова, soviet, union, николай, photography, oud, sculpture, development, taut, russia, ciam, sigfried, giedion, dwelling, ernst, may, kazimir, plastic, about, socialist, editors, contemporary, its, two, ladovskii, arthur, 1933, cities, mieczysław, szczuka, henryk, suprematism, richter, scale, adolf, behne, international, riezler, ten, beauty, realization, gerrit, rietveld, elementarism, counter, 1917, monumental, neoplasticism, state, utopia, bruno, weißenhof, weissenhof, housing, settlement, flats, subsistence, living, amédée, ozenfant, constructive, future, marcel, stand, 1934, aleksei, gan, against, criticism, planning, magnitogorsk, osa, project, culture, results, prospects, city, vkhutein, laboratory, vkhutemas, program, methods, thought, machine, korn, glass, utopian, minimum, industrial, houses, defense, letter, blok, is, related, public, statements, statement, toward, as, functional, péri, berlewi, arts, endre, gáspár, movement, péter, mátyás, catalogue, diemen, gallery, congress, progressive, düsseldorf, tadeusz, peiper, ussr, georg, muche, debate, article, poetism, jindřich, štyrský, toyen, with, world, concerning, curt, behrendt, mass, fragment, literature, towards, plasticism, modernist, losurdo, marxism, end, eklektizismus, manfredo, tafuri, capitalist, 1971, situation, futurism, anthology, wilhelm, lotz, die, wohnung, famous, werkbund, la, sarraz, declaration, fundamentals, purism, artist, neo, breuer, where, do, we, kuzmin, irresponsible, attacks, leonidov, projects, dokuchaev, competition, explanatory, team, chemical, metallurgical, combine, palace, proletarskii, district, mikhail, okhitovich, krasil, nikov, problems, final, diploma, aleksandr, vesnin, studio, georgi, krutikov, research, faculty, report, assistant, lab, operation, ia, kornfel, academic, conferences, course, theory, psychotechnical, posing, working, architects, inkhuk, protocols, their, meetings, march, 26, 27, americanism, european, catastrophe, iakov, chernikhov, forms, athens, charter, france, ferro, concrete, miliutin, sotsgorod, analytical, appraisal, sociological, premises, urban, populations, walk, ups, or, high, rise, apartment, blocks, industry, идеологическая, теоретическая, методологическая, секция, доклад, mundaneum, reconstruction, czechoslovakia, era, expositions, policy, times, industrialization, aphorisms, office, skyscrapers, психотехническая, лаборатория, архитектуры, порядке, постановки, вопроса, об, организации, восприятия, пространтсвенных, величин, обьектов, николаий, динамической, планировочной, структуре, города, перспективах, стандартизации, жилищного, строительства, планировка, автостроя, магнитогорска, вузе, live, museum, traugott, schakher, what, attempt, explain, misunderstanding, attitude, stazewski, untitled, editorial, prague, abstract, present, dynamic, principle, cosmic, significance, constructivist, spatial, constructions, abroad, 23, herwarth, walden, farkas, molnár, life, three, makeyekvka, right, space, hungarian, activist, correction, attention, picture, under, pen, name, pseudonym, all, nations, 1920, holitscher, david, shterenberg, foreword, branko, ve, poljanski, through, exhibit, paul, westheim, short, review, proceedings, followed, made, groups, sándor, barta, jános, mácza, jolán, simon, kudlák, erzsébet, ujvári, taken, vienna, ma, wtadysław, strzemiński, et, al, communiqué, collective, poland, funeral, reality, left, front, founding, unparalleled, willi, baumeister, max, burchartz, will, grohmann, wassily, kandinsky, reply, my, photo, film, janco, reflections, cubism, general, vision, law, dexel, artificialism, exerpt, hungary, twilight, ideologies, back, workbench, excerpts, poet, lecture, given, occasion, opening, exerpts, kurt, ewald, machines, atmosphere, along, his, deurbanization, arp, ivan, puni, call, elementarist, elemental, formation, hilberseimer, michel, seuphor, liquidation, society, gatman, anonymous, novosibirsk, subject, discussions, reports, return, schmidt, workers, technicians, martin, wagner, builds, wilm, stein, experiment, communes, too, expensive, therefore, postponed, ilyin, urbanism, martell, legislation, residential, jiří, kroha, ideology, fight, german, five, points, purpose, concept, technical, utility, werner, gräff, fine, crafts, words, single, trade, produced, buildings, spirit, standardization, functionalism, dutch, victory, style, capital, vs, countryside, propaganda, community, abstraction, dream, conflicting, movements, revolution, revolutionary, designs, tatlin, others, aubette, strasbourg, friedrich, vordemberge, gildewart, incomparable, mechanization, cornelis, eesteren, technique, town, jubilee, number, bonset, sense, no, axiom, but, secondary, aesthetic, material, music, anti, philosophy, mechanism, objects, dance, imitative, distant, today, conceived, our, total, non, natural, environment, iii, orientation, 1919, note, baby, chair, looking, dialogue, perception, determinate, indeterminate, supplement, reference, fragments, hall, holiday, center, noordwijkerhout, townscape, bart, leck, place, blogroll, main, site, archives,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
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recognize them to build a living architecture means to have at one s disposal the ability to recognize these means and to transform them into architectural design hence acoustics provides the foundation of the design of the large assembly hqll the architect translates into form the knowledge discovered by the specialist in this case g ustave lyon paris the result even new formal possibilities arise thereby competition for the new league of nations building means conflict between a living and a rigid feudal architecture summary when they were submitted the monumental projects utterly failed on every point for the monumental gesture completely drowned out all functions this is thoroughly understandable the armoring with colonnades and column orders binds much too tightly like a corset and is too coarse to be able even remotely to fulfill the demands put forth by life today even the diplomatic committee that selected the architects of the four worst designs has understood that the committee demanded fundamental changes that were taken almost point for point from corbusier s project 190 this competition recalls les halles in paris where baltard likewise laboriously had to patch his building together from the ideas of others as we already mentioned the paris city councilors of 1850 saw according to the judgment of their contemporaries cf p 114 monumentality only in the accumulation of stone masses unfortunately in the eighty years since then those in power in the league of nations have not advanced one step further in their judgment who works alongside perret gamier and corbusier first the in between generation age wise between perret and corbusier that did not fully develop two names rob ert mallet stevens henri sauvage one must first say about both they too have the tradition of ferroconcrete in their blood but they did not achieve consistent formulations rob mallet stevens born 1886 is the movement s élégant he remains a formalist who drapes the new means over the old frame his youthful impressions revolve around the stoclet house of 1905 in brussels by jos ef hoffmann which by the way represents the best realization of the wiener werkstätte movement mallet stevens has a special relationship with this house in his youthful work une cité moderne paris chez massin n d around 1914 introduction by frantz jourdain that house and the dreams of the wiener werkstätte keep recurring no overall vision as in tony gander s cité industrielle already around 1900 details arts and crafts yet the french tradition of ferroconcrete lives on in him the hall of his transportation pavilion at the paris exhibition of 1925 is actually suspended on only two supports and all five stories of his alfa romeo garage 1925 are hung from two parabolic girders so that no supports obstruct interior traffic the façade and shop of this frequently reproduced building exhibit a mixture of dutch and viennese crafts influence cf by contrast j j p oud s café de unie in rotterdam for the well to do in auteuil the architect built an entire cul de sac named after him rue mallet stevens the most interesting aspect of these four story single family houses ferroconcrete with a half dozen bathrooms is the imperative with which our age even if only faintly heard strikes down all ostentation there is still in the largest house that multitude of rooms that formerly seemed indispensable to wealthy households but the stridency of capitalism is nonetheless slipping away the ground floor is devalued where formerly the suite of rooms unfolded now reside the chauffeur garage and domestic facilities everything has been pushed upward on the first story only remnants of the old ostentation but compared to the total cost of the house negligibly little no millionaire would previously have tolerated that it is clear that the house has no garret in the basement there are special rooms for furs paintings baggage and supplies a dumbwaiter runs all the way to the roof to the most comfortably arranged roof that we have ever seen a flat concrete baldachin cleverly suspended from broad chimneys protects the table linen from every last particle of soot then an adjoining tiled pantry rooftop pantry le corbusier s astringency reinterpreted for the gourmand élégant if evidence were needed that contemporary architecture and a rich style are incompatible the houses on the rue mallet stevens would supply it the historian must establish the strange phenomenon for the first time in history not the upper class but the lower class is a factor in the creation of a 191 missing 192 henri sauvage s merit lies in having realized in paris the maison à gradins the recessed terraced apartment house these houses that recede story by story and that are furthermore white tiled provide a source of light in the street even more than for the house built already in 1913 on the rue vavin off the boulevard raspail is this true for the block of apartment houses on the rue des amiraux much farther north built by the city of paris inexpensive residences since the block sits on three streets the empty space beneath the receding stories could be used for an indoor swimming pool instead of a black light well this method of suspending the construction of an entire block is possible only with the tradition of ferroconcrete 193 194 in his garage for a thousand cars off the boulevard raspail 1925 sauvage is probably more involved in the facade than in the actual engineering and the same can be said about the other façades which were kept completely in the beaux arts style more important is the question of the real successors of andré lurçat gabriel guévrékian r boyer gérente j ean charles moreux l ouis thomas of lyon j beaugé one may say of all of them they have no impact one cannot as yet definitively separate the wheat from the chaff france was a country of pensioners as in other complacent countries the prevailing sentiment is la peur du risque the fear of the new even the backwardness with respect to obvious hygienic demands bath shower boiler is not simply the product of economic weakness but equally the power of a tyrannical tradition that has become a specter that does not in any way want t change living habits 195 197 gabriel guévrékian a persian living in paris had a very interesting start the ferroconcrete villa of 1923 is probably one of the earliest attempts to loosen the rigid cube of the house and interpenetrate it with air to lay out three roof terraces to lighten the ground floor and to use an interior skeleton to suspend the building elements without the trickery of decoratively cantilevered concrete slabs guévrékian has yet to have any real impact there are a few shops by him in paris such as the boutique simultane 1924 with its textile window displays moving at various speeds or the alban photographic studio 1926 guévrékian s executed gardens at the exhibition of decorative arts 1925 and for the comte de noailles in hyères 1925 do not bring us any closer to this difficult problem with their virtually complete elimination of living plants they resemble a flirtation with abstract design more than a design itself they are on a developmental sidetrack just as much as mallet stevens frequently cited concrete trees at the paris exhibition which were actually an unnecessary attempt to shock the philistines a large house in neuilly is under construction the small cubic studio of andré lurçat born 1894 is also known in germany his most significant achievements are the groups of houses of the cite seurat 1925 26 two houses in versailles and the guggenbuhl house paris montsouris his work is distinguished by a certain austerity coolness whether by predisposition or by lack of understanding by the patrons the imagination often seems restrained among the younger architects in france he is perhaps the one most concerned with sociological problems hence the importance of his designs for apartment houses and his development plans related to them r boyer gérente has followed in corbusier s path with his design for the ville de curepipe by opening up the single house and striving for standardization published by van doesburg in bouwbedriff 1927 p 88 his villa presently under construction in hyeres underscores this impression 198 the young j beaugé from corbusier s studio displays a sympathetic grasp of the layout of the terrain and interpenetration in his design for a cité jardin for intellectual workers exhibited in the autumn salon of 1926 despite the essentially still undigested influence of his master one sees in him a hope and the possibility of further development unlike holland the contemporary meaning of the new french architecture does not lie in the transformation of the whole country through a housing form for our age whereas in holland the results rest mostly on the refinement of craftsmanship and less on industrialization the way of looking at the problem in france is far more interesting because it is constantly directed toward employing ferroconcrete ferroconcrete buildings of the most elegant and bold construction are spreading all over france utility buildings upturn is enormous and general but only with regard to utility buildings and with a certain reservation public works public works travaux publics are an old saint simonist issue which both napoleon iii and the republic took over it is different with residential buildings according to a discussion in the french parliament of 13 november 1927 france lacks approximately one million dwellings any traveler who comes to the outskirts of the city banlieue can vouch for this housing distress one is astounded that in lyons for instance abutting gamier s vast slaughterhouse complex there axe inhabited wooden barracks whose damaged parts 199 are patched together from tin can lids and crate slats in contrast to holland the housing problem in france is making almost no progress in the long run this will force the avant garde into an utterly untenable position into an aestheticism the public hand provides no commissions a few painters and wealthy people who can be counted on the fingers of one hand are the only patrons it is certainly good for experimental buildings not to be bound by financial considerations but only to the extent that it is possible to apply the collected experiences a hundred times over in the future without slow industrially bound construction there can linger be a lasting solution without a collective will there can be no architecture now the problem in france is this if the people are sufficiently driven to feel the need also to give their inner life an appropriate form our age will instantly get a foothold there as long as the masses are satisfied with the present bad living conditions then the new architectural knowledge gained in france will only be beneficial elsewhere the avant garde which in france encounters the most formidable resistance whenever a new housing form is attempted is small but confident one of its representatives wrote me our hopes are vast for we expect to win the game some day and win it decisively there are very few of us committed architects but we have such a will to succeed that our ideas will slowly but surely make their way it is only a matter of time the backbone of the young people is still artificially broken in the schools and the ideal of the academie des beaux arts survives in the minds of the bourgeoisie blinded by grotesque ignorance this institution still pretends to be the guardian of a grand tradition its shameful influence on all official milieus is undeniable with the competition for the league of nations building we have observed with amazement how much apparent power such an institution can still have even though for a century it has been without significance for the history of art but after all our age is a barren soil for such specters sooner or later they must decide to expire even in france 200 the current status of ferroconcrete in the three decades of its most widespread application ferroconcrete has reached such a high level of design that fewer fundamentally new results are to be expected but rather an extension and refinement of practical methods it is curious that ferroconcrete has needed about the same length of time as iron for its development iron between 1850 and 1890 ferroconcrete from the beginning of the 1890s likewise ferroconcrete attempts to break up the rigid relationship of support and load this is especially visible in so called mushroom slabs where supports are allowed to flow directly into the ceiling plane with ferroconcrete there is today also the possibility of anchoring buildings high above the ground and letting their weight be suspended from a supporting arch be it the arch of a bridge a garage or a hangar just as eiffel pursued the problem of the parabolic support his whole life so the engineer freyssinet has since 1916 made attempts in ferroconcrete to suspend loads 201 from above and has in this way arrived at an until now unknown lightness grace and span pont de saint pierre du vauvray 132 meters one always sees that s a je balance of an arithmetic and aesthetic solution limousin co explain in the catalog of their constructions ferroconcrete is no longer a mystical dish for which everyone unfailingly has a better recipe than his neighbor constructions are based on a number of well tested methods what counts today is the perfection of production next to the creator of forms créateur des formes a second corrective authority emerges from handling of such a complicated material as ferroconcrete the entrepreneur the organizer 202 he sees to it that manual labor is reduced to the absolute minimum and is concerned to design the form in such a way that the frameworks may be repeated and used as often as possible at the same time for reasons of thrift he requires their quick and easy assembly and disassembly this leads to a new inner lawfulness to a new as yet unknown expression 203 how is ferroconcrete related to housing construction it is france s special role that with her pleasure in overcoming constructional difficulties she has devised almost all buildings in ferroconcrete taking into account the new housing functions but this does not resolve the questions there is a certain inherent rigidity in ferroconcrete we know how difficult it is to demolish or even just alter buildings in this material our dwellings should not be rigid they must be allowed a certain amount of free play for change for they do not always serve the same function because of the rigid nature of today s house we have been all too accepting of the immutability of the floor plan and have let it tyrannize us iron skeletons are after all more open to reassembling or addition yet they display other disadvantages gradually experience accumulates that allows us to determine with confidence which material can best be applied in a specific area of a house the beginning of industrialization and transpo...