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heropod dinosaurs mainly known from the jurassic to cretaceous period of asia and south america initially interpreted as flightless stem birds the clade is characterized by a unique suite of skeletal adaptations including a lightly constructed skull with numerous small teeth confined to the anterior snout and short but massive forelimbs featuring a hypertrophied first digit thumb and reduced lateral digits late cretaceous alvarezsaurids campanian maastrichtian 70 ma such as mononykus display a highly derived morphology that includes enlarged orbits suggestive of enhanced visual capacity in contrast earlier diverging representatives such as alnashetri cerropoliciensis 95 ma from the early cretaceous of patagonia exhibit a markedly different bauplan characterized by proportionally longer forelimbs and larger teeth anatomy of a cerropoliciensis based on the new specimen mpca pv 377 from makovicky et al 2026 the fragmentary holotype of alnashetri cerropoliciensis was initially described in 2012 now a more complete specimen mpca pv 377 discovered by dr sebastián apesteguía in 2014 from the candeleros formation at the cerro policía locality within the la buitrera paleontological area río negro province argentina provides critical new data on the biogeographic origins and evolutionary pathways of alvarezsauridae the skeleton is nearly complete missing only the skull roof distal caudal vertebrae and right side elements this new finding also sheds light on the paleoecology of the la buitrera fauna skeleton prepared for photography image credit dr sebastian apesteguía alnashetri had a relatively long arm with a thickened first finger digit i which was considerably more robust than the other two and a keeled claw instead of a flexor tubercle indicating a significant change in the musculature of the hand histological analyses indicate that the specimen was at least four years old when it died with a slowed growth rate suggesting that it was nearly adult additionally the presence of medullary bone around the medullary cavity which is found in many modern female birds and theropods such as tyrannosaurus rex suggests that the new alnashetri specimen was female with an estimated body length of just seventy centimetres approximately half of which is the tail and a mass of roughly two kilograms alnashetri was much smaller than contemporary theropods such as buitreraptor which was almost two metres long this significant size difference suggests that the two species had different ecological niches with alnashetri probably preying on small vertebrates and insects in the arid candeleros formation ecosystem neck and thoracic vertebrae of alnashetri cerropoliciensis image credit dr sebastián apesteguía this new study by an international team of researchers led by dr peter j makovicky provides critical insight into the sequence of character acquisition within alvarezsauridae and reveals that miniaturisation evolved independently potentially in response to distinct ecological pressures furthermore recent research on the evolution of early alvarezsaurids suggests that the origin of the clade predates the final breakup of pangaea this is evidenced by the identification of a potential specimen from the late jurassic morrison formation of wyoming as a probable alvarezsaurid together with calamosaurus foxi from the early cretaceous of england references makovicky p j mitchell j s meso j g et al argentine fossil rewrites evolutionary history of a baffling dinosaur clade nature 2026 https doi org 10 1038 s41586 026 10194 3 makovicky p j apesteguía s gianechini f a a new coelurosaurian theropod from the la buitrera fossil locality of río negro argentina fieldiana life earth sci 2012 90 98 2012 makovicky p j apesteguía s agnolín f l the earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from south america nature 437 1007 1011 2005 share this share on mastodon opens in new window mastodon share on bluesky opens in new window bluesky more share on x opens in new window x share on facebook opens in new window facebook share on pinterest opens in new window pinterest share on telegram opens in new window telegram share on tumblr opens in new window tumblr share on reddit opens in new window reddit share on whatsapp opens in new window whatsapp like loading 1 comment meet spinosaurus mirabilis posted on 02 23 2026 by ferwen under earth science illustration of spinosaurus mirabilis image credit dani navarro the spinosauridae comprises a distinctive clade of large tetanuran theropods known from the berriasian to the cenomanian periods in africa south america europe and asia this group is characterized by an elongated narrow skull robust forelimbs equipped with a hooked thumb claw and elongate neural spines that likely supported a dorsal sail the ecology of spinosaurids has been a subject of debate since the initial discovery of spinosaurus aegyptiacus in 1911 although stromer s original description of spinosaurus was published in 1915 a more complete and detailed picture of its anatomy evolutionary relationships and biogeography began to emerge only in recent decades with the discovery of additional fossils recovered from nearshore deposits along the african margin of the tethys sea spinosaurus mirabilis a new specimen from an inland basin in the central sahara represents the first new species of spinosaurid to be identified in over a century sheathed bony head crests in extinct and living dinosaurs image credit todd green spinosaurus mirabilis is characterised by a prominent scimitar shaped bony crest which extends well above the top of its skull the holotype mnbh jen1 a fragmentary skull including the right premaxilla both maxillae fused nasal crest part of the right dentary and five maxillary teeth was found in sirig taghat meaning no water no goat in tamasheq jenguebi area agadez region republic of the niger farak formation several specimens of s mirabilis were found in fluvial sediments with rebbachisaurid and titanosaurian remains one specimen mnbh jen4 preserves a nearly complete tibia enabling a direct comparison of the size and relative proportions of s mirabilis with specimens of s aegyptiacus based on this comparison the individual is estimated to have reached 8 meters in length at the time of its death the skull of s mirabilis resembles that of s aegyptiacus but the snout end has a slightly different shape the tip of the premaxilla arches more prominently and the expanded distal end of the dentary is subquadrate rather than oval posteriorly the snout becomes shallower toward the orbit with dorsal and ventral margins that remain parallel rather than diverging surface details suggest that the bony crest in s mirabilis was enveloped and likely extended by a keratinous sheath with its own vascular supply based on extant avian analogs such as casuarius surface detail and internal vascular canals of the crest in spinosaurus mirabilis from sereno et al 2026 the study led by paul sereno identified three distinct phases in the evolution of spinosaurids the first which originated in the jurassic period produced an elongated skull designed for catching fish that soon diverged into separate species during the second phase in the early cretaceous spinosaurids became dominant predators around the margins of the tethys sea the final phase began just before the late cretaceous the atlantic opened and spinosaurines reached maximum size as shallow water ambush specialists confined to northern africa and south america references sereno p c vidal d myhrvold n p johnson ransom e ciudad real m baumgart s l sánchez fontela n green t l saitta e t adamou b bop l l keillor t m fitzgerald e c dutheil d b laroche r a s demers potvin a v simarro á gascó lluna f lázaro a gamonal a 2026 scimitar crested spinosaurus species from the sahara caps stepwise spinosaurid radiation science 391 6787 https doi org 10 1126 science adx5486 fabbri m navalón g benson r b j et al subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs nature 2022 https doi org 10 1038 s41586 022 04528 0 hone d w e and holtz t r 2017 a century of spinosaurs a review and revision of the spinosauridae with comments on their ecology acta geologica sinica 91 1120 1132 doi 10 1111 1755 6724 13328 share this share on mastodon opens in new window mastodon share on bluesky opens in new window bluesky more share on x opens in new window x share on facebook opens in new window facebook share on pinterest opens in new window pinterest share on telegram opens in new window telegram share on tumblr opens in new window tumblr share on reddit opens in new window reddit share on whatsapp opens in new window whatsapp like loading leave a comment top fossil discoveries of 2025 posted on 12 31 2025 by ferwen under earth science shri rapax sp nov from moutrille et al 2025 fascism is spreading we face an unprecedented era of scienticide genocide and normalized cruelty yet as milan kundera reminds us man s struggle against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting the book of laughter and forgetting 1979 against this dystopian backdrop researchers worldwide are leading a vital resistance the fight to preserve and advance knowledge here is my very biased list of the most outstanding discoveries of 2025 duonychus tsogtbaatari therizinosauria is a group of unusual theropod dinosaurs known from cretaceous deposits in asia and north america the clade exhibits unique features including lanceolate teeth a rostral rhamphotheca and a broad opisthopubic pelvis some of those characteristics are associated with a shift in dietary preferences and an adaptation to herbivory but the most striking feature as exemplified by the large bodied therizinosaurus from the late cretaceous of mongolia is the presence of tridactyl three fingered hands with three large claw like unguals duonychus tsogtbaatari a new specimen from the upper cretaceous bayanshiree formation cenomanian to santonian of southeastern mongolia sheds light on the evolution of digit reduction in avetheropods and the implications for feeding behavior associated with large claws in therizinosaurs baminornis zhenghensis holotype of baminornis zhenghensis from chen et al 2025 baminornis zhenghensis from the late jurassic zhenghe fauna is an early jurassic bird the new specimen exhibits a unique combination of characters including a fused dorsally curving pygostyle longer than metacarpal ii a boomerang shaped furcula with an interclavicular angle of 65 a semilunate carpal lacking contact with metacarpal iii and an ischium lacking both the obturator and posterior processes the presence of derived features in baminornis the first jurassic short tailed avialan indicates that the avialan lineage diverged significantly earlier than previously thought khankhuuluu mongoliensis khankhuuluu mongoliensis image credit julius csotonyi university of calgary eutyrannosauria the superfamily of carnivorous dinosaurs that includes the iconic tyrannosaurus rex dominated the asian and north american terrestrial faunas during the latest cretaceous k hankhuuluu mongoliensis roamed mongolia around 86 million years ago it had an estimated total body length of 4 meters 13 feet and a weight of around 750 kilograms 1 650 pounds the features that characterise khankhuuluu mongoliensis include a shallow rugose midline ridge on the nasal bone that extends along most of the vaulted region and a small pneumatic recess at the anterior end of the lacrimal bone the new species differs from alectrosaurus in that metatarsal iii lacks the hyperextension of the plantar distal articular surface shri rapax right manus of shri rapax in distoventral view scale bar 20 mm from moutrille et al 2025 dromaeosauridae is a clade of highly specialised small to mid sized theropod dinosaurs closely related to birds their fossils have been found in north america europe africa asia south america and antarctica the group is characterized by the presence of long three fingered forelimbs that ended in sharp trenchant claws and a tail stiffened by the elongated prezygapophyses shri rapax is the second species of the genus shri named after palden lhamo a buddhist deity the principal protectress of tibet the specific name refers to the enlarged falciform pollex ungual found in this species along with its associated raptorial behaviour the holotype a nearly complete skeleton was originally preserved with a skull that has subsequently been lost joaquinraptor casali joaquinraptor casali image credit andrew mcafee carnegie museum of natural history the cretaceous beds of patagonia contain the most comprehensive record of non avian theropods from the southern hemisphere this includes megaraptora a clade of medium sized highly pneumatized theropods characterized by elongated skulls and formidable manual claws on digits i and ii joaquinraptor casali is a large bodied megaraptorid from the upper cretaceous coniacian maastrichtian lago colhué huapi formation of south central chubut province in central patagonia argentina the holotype unpsjb pv 1112 is a partially articulated skeleton that includes a disarticulated partial skull right maxilla skull roof and braincase probable right postorbital and quadrate both dentaries and in situ and isolated teeth complete or nearly complete axial and appendicular skeletons and numerous fragments zavacephale rinpoche z rinpoche from chinzorig et al 2025 pachycephalosaurians with their distinctive domed heads are an enigmatic group of small ornithischian dinosaurs most pachycephalosaurid remains are known from the late cretaceous of north america asia and possibly europe notable species include pachycephalosaurus stegoceras and stygimoloch zavacephale rinpoche from the lower cretaceous khuren dukh formation of mongolia is the oldest and most complete pachycephalosaurian skeleton ever found the genus name is derived from the tibetan word zava meaning root or origin and the latin word cephal meaning head the specific name rinpoche meaning precious one in tibetan refers to the domed condition of the skull the nanotyrannus debate is settled snout of nanotyrannus image credit n c museum of natural sciences tyrannosaurus rex is the most iconic dinosaur of all time however despite its status the fossil record of t rex is controversial particularly about the taxonomic identity of specimens hypothesised to be juveniles in recent decades a major and heated debate has centered around nanotyrannus lancensis a small tyrannosauroid discovered in the hell creek formation of montana most paleontologists rejected nanotyrannus as a valid genus and considered all specimens were juvenile or subadult tyrannosaurus rex but a recent study by l zanno and j napoli shed light on the controversy the team found an exceptionally well preserved and somatically mature tyrannosaur skeleton from the hell creek formation that shares autapomorphies with the holotype specimen of nanotyrannus lancensis huayracursor jaguensis selected bones of huayracursor jaguensis holot...