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oduction in itself whatever its effects may be the singular essence must not be generalised through other signs this pluralism preserves the role and purity of expression of difference in its production the unity is that of the search of the orientation to what is plural so that only the different returns to refer unavoidably to deleuze s reading of nietzsche s eternal return only difference can express production but only an apprenticeship can express the necessary affirmation and openness adequate to constructing the literary machine 5 to return to coldness of cruelty we are now armed with the literary machine as a concept created later in deleuze s thought but a tool that helps us to grasp the workings of his reading of masochism deleuze writes that the sadist demonstrates through thought or reason a higher functioning of this faculty whilst the masochist educates through the imagination both rise to an impersonal element notice the kantian dimension to this deleuze does find a higher functioning of a particular faculty that expresses the formal and grounding production that is precisely ungrounding production is powered by negation through dialectic but freer and pure functioning from which the new and different emerges in concrete situations transformation follows from this higher purer and freer function the sadist s institution and the masochist s contract instantiate a practice that aims for pure production and thus to overcoming of what is given and established deleuze in this way builds up the case that symptoms indicate different productions in terms of literary machines that function making sadism and masochism the two parts of one conceptual entity sado masochism is the formation of a badly analysed composite a term used in his bergsonism book of 1966 it is a transcendental illusion where symptoms are suppressed by syndromes that generalise whilst ignoring the gaps in the unities they propose it does not allow them to function as literature does allowing them to work in their specific and autonomous ways where such a syndrome breaks down we find production is expressing itself as differential as irreducibly specific in each case the gap is the mark of production which is antilogos and thus opposed in principle and in its workings to a common sense therefore any talk of a common production must be that of difference itself of a groundless ground where only the difference returns or is repeated the challenge is to affirm difference as the principle of production when this makes the mechanisms irreducibly singular divided by their production any dialectical aim will deny the production which exceeds what can be expressed by concepts 6 in sade s work the omnipotence of demonstrative reason leads to the dream of a universal and impersonal crime this is a transcendental form that cannot be experienced but only thought in the practice of sadism cc28 this coldness of demonstrative reason must have its pure logic of sense an apathy that allows no impulse or enthusiasm cc29 this is because for such a production to be a transcendental form the sadist must envisage a pure production without interference from that which is personal or material otherwise nothing new can be produced no pure and infinitive sense events to put this in the terms of deleuze s the logic of sense of 1969 without this only the combination and reactions of actual elements can go on a logos a law and a predictability establishing a common sense that denies the excess manifested in sadistic practice according to deleuze the sadist must think out the death instinct such that production is expressed through itself this is pure negation the totalising of what he can achieve in experience only through partial negations cc31 the latter are the demonstrative form oriented to the idea of pure negation developed through this orientation against sadism s negativity and negation there is masochism s disavowal and suspense the latter is an ideal of pure imagination cc35 deleuze writes that both sade and masoch want to define the counterpart of the world capable of containing its violence and excesses cc37 this means drawing out its violence and giving it a spiritual quality as purified and self conscious this is a reconstruction of the world which finds the pure sensible reality underlying forces of nature and tradition it is the being of sensation that the artwork produces without the baggage of what is given the blocs of sensation form literary machines this means extracting the logic of sense operative in what otherwise can simply be generalised if it does not have the specificity of the artwork or of other forms of creation masochistic practice comes in this way to define itself when it isn t limited by comparisons with other practices thus deleuze speaks of the specific universe of masochism cc42 and this brings us to role of the artwork in capturing production precisely because it is singular limited and cannot be generalised to the exclusion of the autonomous differentiation that exceed what is actual and captured by concepts 7 the orientation of the artist towards the being of sensation must be one of affirmation of openness to the involuntary shock of thought the emergence of the infinitive the sense event cannot be limited by the conceptual practices of generalization otherwise the purity of production is lost because it cannot be separated in each case and thus thought through itself a symptom becomes for the artist something to be expressed rather than something to be compared with with and so limited by what is already given for deleuze this is necessary to capture a production to express the event rather than the given if a painting is supposed to add to opinions or insights into the nature of humanity it can never expand or overcome humanity it can never capture becoming but only being it can never be inhuman or over human expression is infinite because it expresses a groundless ground this leads us to find that production can only be found within the limits of a particular practice or expression and not across general similarities what is is produced and always already overcome by what can become by the future this makes what is given the burden that nietzsche complained about the baggage that leads thought to connect up with other givens in order to limit and impose responsibilities to tradition and to what people believe thus we have the separate dramas that are complete in themselves if they are not to be burdened cc45 deleuze s kantian dimension is at work here so often his silent partner in his early studies the transcendental conditions must be established if any sense is to be found if generalisations are not to deny us production and its affirmation in practice 8 we have seen that deleuze finds production in evidence in the purity of thought and imagination and within masochism this leads to the birth of a new man cc52 through the great primary nature of the mother impersonal cold serve there is overcoming cc54 contract has established that the woman overcomes the father figure in a theatre for which her victim educates her the ideal is cruel and there is a specific freezing point at which idealism is realised cc55 deleuze is keen to avoid seeing the father punishing the son through the mother this would generalise and so deny the specificity of this production the concrete situation that is expressed by symptoms demands a translation that is open rather than closed by a preconceived etiology cc58 deleuze finds that the mother generates the symbolism through which the masochist expresses himself cc63 this is the ideal as opposed to the order of the real and so liberates in preparation for a rebirth in which the father has no part cc66 this production and the overcoming it instantiates require the specific conditions of masochism the mother is idealised through the torture and the father invalidated through disavowal cc68 both are positive because they produce an overcoming through the ideal rigor of supersensualism the ideal is contained within fantasy whose temporality is waiting the neutralisation of the real cc73 within stasis and suspension the real and ideal are absorbed 9 reference is made to kant s second critique as in the nietzsche book he is set up to be knocked down despite having done much silent work already the good is made dependent on the law which is self grounded solely by virtue of its own form cc82 this is powerfully expressed as the third poetic formula which might summarise the kantian philosophy in the 1978 preface to deleuze s 1963 kant book deleuze sees in this an essential dimension of modern thought we have seen it at work already because pure form is production through its purity as a logic of sense deleuze finds that sade uses irony to transcend the law towards a higher principle cc86 however humour is the downward movement from the law to its consequences the law can be twisted by excess of zeal and this leads to absurdity to disorder and so the law is reduced to its furthest consequences cc88 masochism practices this when the law denies pleasure and establishes guilt from the start yet it provides what it denies through its punishment masochism is therefore the theatre of absurdity that overcomes the father and the law through its own logic sadism makes the father a higher principle than the law whilst masochism invests the law in the mother who expels it cc90 the overcoming displaces the father to enable a second birth as parthenogenesis i e without the father having a role cc93 there is guilt and law but also the possibility of contract with the mother that stages the absurdity of father and law we find that deleuze emphasises the specific formalism of masochism cc109 in order that his literature is a machine and not simply a colony of generalisations about what is actual 10 when we talk about production about transcendental principles and conditions deleuze finds this to be involuntary the condition or ground of an actual principle of experience freud s pleasure principle being an example of the latter which is discussed in coldness and cruelty leads us to be hurled headlong beyond it to the absolutely unconditioned cc114 this sets up the qualitative dualism of union eros and destruction thanatos in freud these are different rhythms that cannot be given in experience but their expression in through and sensation makes it profound at certain moments cc115 the higher functioning the faculties is the expression of such production combinations of both eros and thanatos are given in experience and so that what is given becomes inadequate the production being given only in the specific and non generalised practice we have found that deleuze approaches the symptoms of sadism and masochism in order to make the claim for a neglected side of medicine etiology is the privileged scientific or experimental practice that is one part of medicine the other is symptomatology as literary and artistic practice of medicine for the later literary machines must be allowed to function such that an actual and empirical principle finds its conditions and not merely is not burdened by concepts 11 james brusseau takes us to the heart of deleuzianism in describing how the particular distinguishes itself without distinguishing itself from other things beyond difference from something else to self differentiation this is produced within something and so limited ie9 by its self expression the implication for brusseau is no contrast or challenge between what is specific this is something that dialectic uses in order to understand difference instead differential ontology has overtaken the dialectic not acknowledging it as an other because it is engaged in its production the event is the production of a particular verb itself the physical things and settings obscure this infinitive as that which is proposed by difference without limitation ie10 the given is given by difference pure and not effected by material conditions the key point for us is that the need for reaction opposition and negation is being denied the circuit of actual and virtual of problem and its solution is self contained in each case production must express itself absolutely fully and without interference if a sense event is to be incarnated other terms are already actual and so must not affect the event in producing what is new and born of difference by generalising it away the implication is that localising ensures that difference can make the world without generality limiting or burdening difference ie11 brusseau gives the example of different pieces of music which are all the singular definition of beauty each occasion is singular because difference operates within it and it cannot be generalised or compared this takes away the need to balance opposites since the conditions of experience are the unilateral action requisite to pure production ie25 the challenge for deleuze is that the virtual which is productive of the actual mustn t be something that can be contained within the dialectic it has to be powerfully non conceptual and be that through which the production of concepts is to be animated brusseau believes that deleuze avoids prolonged engagement with hegel in order to create a non dialectical thought fully and through itself it is the demands of a sufficient account of production that invokes the virtual limiting actual cases of production in order to concentrate its full energy without limitation 12 we seem to find that hegel s shadow is not so total as we might suspect nietzsche s will to power seem to force itself upon thought again and again and in new ways the undermining dialectic who hasn t been rudely awakened by aphorism 36 of beyond good and evil in the course of a habitual thought we find all overturned through the purity of the production a great machine is expressed in every case only if every case is sovereign the über instance that does not rely upon an other it must have the purity of the logic of sense the infinitive the ideal reached only through coldness and cruelty in masoch s production it might seem that to use concepts is to summon up hegel s dialectic which integrates this excess yet what are concepts without ideas that which exceeds the terms of the dialectic without considering it without such a negative logic even occurring one innocent of the dialectic because its feet are so light its production sufficient unto itself in each instance affirmation thinks through its production and so never opposes or challenges what it leaves far behind cézanne s father is overcome through masochistic practice and his possible illegitimacy made a liberation we see deleuze trying to make the machine works through its parts such that the future animates each part intensely through itself each affirms itself and is a sufficient and full machine only through this through production grounded in difference itself this i find to be what is so ...