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of the value canada s total exports in the calendar year 2030 that s not nothing when i look at the few concrete steps the carney government has taken to diversify canada s trade away from the us i m convinced they are mostly symbolic in that sense they are strikingly similar to the global britain rhetoric we heard in the uk for a few years after brexit the uk spoke about striking ambitious trade deals with distant countries but was unwilling to do much in that area in large part because of the domestic political costs of some of the trade deals proposed i m also concerned that policymakers are allocating an increasingly scarce resource attention to issue that have no export potential the fact that a really important lng project sits on the same list as some tiny projects suggests that the list makers aren t prioritizing comments leave a comment tags canada finance politics categories uncategorized joseph heath on cooperatives 8 11 2025 i read everything professor joseph heath writes whether it s a blog post from in due course or one of his books he s one of the most consistently clear headed philosophers working today especially when it comes to political economy his recent substack post are cooperatives more virtuous than investor owned firms is another example of his signature style lucid skeptical and refreshingly empirical in it heath challenges the romanticism often attached to cooperative firms arguing that they are neither inherently more virtuous i e more socially beneficial than investor owned enterprises i suppose we should define organizational virtue here as an organization that seeks to increase the utility the human race sentient beings as whole not just the people who control the organization i agree with heath s central claim and it aligns with the argument made by henry hansmann in the ownership of enterprise which shows that the choice of ownership form is best understood as a response to transaction costs and governance challenges heath s post also makes a comparative political claim that deserves closer scrutiny here s where the empirical researcher in me gets pedantic he writes in canada co operatives have always played a much more important role in left wing politics than they have in the uk this is a striking assertion and one that i think isn t quite right while canada certainly has a rich tradition of cooperative enterprise especially in agriculture and finance and in heath s native province of saskatchewan the uk s labour party has had a formal electoral alliance with the co operative party for about a century this relationship is not merely symbolic as of the 2024 general election 41 sitting labour mps are also officially designated as labour and co operative mps these mps advocate for cooperative principles within the broader labour agenda and the alliance reflects a deep institutional connection between cooperative ownership and british left politics the historical relationship between the co operative movement and britain s labour party dates back nearly a century back to the time when canada s ccf and it predecessors closely followed intellectual trends in the uk the cooperative movement and the uk labour party formalized their alliance in the 1920s jointly endorsing candidates who represent both labour s social democratic values and the co operative movement s commitment to shared ownership and democratic control today the partnership remains robust with dozens of mps carrying the joint designation although i can t think of any recent labour policies in tax or anything else that favour the cooperative form over the investor owned firms by contrast the link between cooperative ownership and left politics in the united states seems to be far weaker except perhaps in a few states settled by scandinavians while there are many successful cooperatives in the us particularly in agriculture and rural finance these organisations often have stakeholder bases that would almost certainly lean republican some of the largest agricultural co ops in the midwest for example are deeply embedded in conservative communities the cooperative form in the us has not been consistently championed by the democratic party nor has it been institutionally integrated into say the dnc s machinery in the way it has in the uk or scandinavia in countries like sweden and norway cooperative ownership is tightly woven into the fabric of social democracy supported by both policy and party infrastructure this variation raises an important question why is the linkage between cooperative ownership and left politics stronger in some countries than others we probably need scholars to develop a causal model that explains this divergence such a model would need to account for historical party structures electoral systems the role of civil society regional economic patterns and perhaps even cultural attitudes toward ownership and governance heath s skepticism about cooperative moralism is well founded but his comparative politics could use a bit more empirical grounding a few years ago a great book on the history of the uk s cooperative group was published by some of my friends it could provide empirical detail to stimulate the thinking of philosophers comments leave a comment tags history labour party news politics categories uncategorized cfp energy transitions and the banning of synthetic products historical developments and present day controversies 7 11 2025 business historians are very interdisciplinary and they are always looking to publish their historical findings in new journals so here s an opportunity that sits squarely at the intersection of business history and contemporary policy the sustainability mdpi special issue on energy transitions and the banning of synthetic products historical developments and present day controversies the journal s current journal impact factor is 3 3 which puts it in the same general ballpark as some of the business history adjacent outlets that are important to business historians in business schools i see that industrial and corporate change s 2024 jif is 1 8 the journal of economic history is 2 9 the upshot publishing in this special issue could gives business historians reach into policy conversations practicalities first the submission deadline is 30 june 2026 the special issue is under sustainability s energy sustainability section manuscripts go through the standard single blind review and accepted pieces appear online on a rolling basis apc details and instructions for authors are on the call page the guest editor is pierre desrochers department of geography university of toronto mississauga many of you will know pierre from bhc he presented back in 2010 industrial symbiosis old wine in recycled bottles and he has long collaborated with scholars working at the business environment interface in short he knows our literature and our norms what makes this si especially attractive to business and economic historians is its framing of energy transitions through the lens of e a wrigley s organic to mineral economy narrative wrigley s central claim was that industrial development required escaping the constraints of an organic economy dependent on surface grown resource by shifting to a mineral economy coal later hydrocarbons and synthetic materials is not just an energy story it s a firm level supply chain and market structure story greater energy density changes relative prices which reorganize production functions logistics and the boundaries of the firm the cfp talks about wrigley and then asks us to interrogate today s policy moves that nudge economies back toward organic inputs biomass substitutes for plastics mandated renewables and away from synthetics and fossil fuels that is precisely the sort of historically grounded counterfactual thinking that business historians are well placed to do several research avenues suggest themselves firm strategy and path dependence how have incumbent producers of synthetics and polymers adapted to regulatory pushes toward organic alternatives do we see schumpeterian entry or defensive consolidation a comparative sectoral history synthetic rubber plastics fertilizers could illuminate transaction costs and infrastructure compatibility wrigley s story is ultimately about system level complementarities fuels machines transport finance policies that discourage synthetics may impose hidden coordination costs across supply networks business historians are good at thinking about the law of unintended consequences and can also quantify such frictions with archival pricing series and procurement records addition versus substitution the si explicitly notes that transitions often look like energy addition not displacement that invites studies of rebound stacking and multi fuel equilibria inside firms and regions those are all topics business historians are good at corporate political economy the present day controversies over plastics bans grid stability and renewables integration echo earlier episodes municipal light power debates post war petrochemical build out tracing lobbying standard setting and coalition formation across episodes can test whether today s arguments are genuinely novel or just re packaged it s an exciting time to be talking about energy transitions particularly in light of the recent conversations sparked by the note by bill gates if your comparative advantage is archival depth you can still target contemporary relevance the editor explicitly welcomes historical or contemporary analyses qualitative and quantitative work and literature reviews comments leave a comment tags book review climate change energy fossil fuels history categories uncategorized a history informed defence of the proposed cfl rule changes 27 09 2025 despite common ancestry in english rugby football canadian football has long stood apart from its american cousin the canadian football league cfl plays on a field that is 110 yards long with two 20 yard end zones and 65 yards wide compared to the nfl s 100 yard field with 10 yard end zones and a width of 53 yards bigger country bigger football field you might say these differences at the pro level exist alongside three downs instead of four and they cascade down into university and high school play as well english the second harvard mcgill football game played under the rugby rules the harvard players are on the left in white and the mcgill players on the right they flank the game officials date taken on 15 may 1874 source from the book football the american intercollegiate game written by parke h davis in 1911 and no longer in copyright under commissioner stewart johnston a queen s university graduate who took office in april 2025 the cfl has proposed and begun to phase in a package of changes that will move aspects of the game toward nfl norms in 2027 the league will move the goal posts to the end line shorten the field from 110 to 100 yards and reducing end zones from 20 to 15 yards these details were announced by the league and summarized in national coverage d arcy norman from calgary canada cc by 2 0 https creativecommons org licenses by 2 0 via wikimedia commons fan reaction has been mixed one organized response is a petition by cfl fans calling for a two week blackout to delay the implementation of the changes on the ground s that they erode the distinctive character of canadian football the petition and the surrounding discussion make plain that identity and tradition matter in sport and that any shift toward alignment with the american game will be scrutinized closely by the league s core audience today the globe and mail canada s national paper of record denounced the pronounced rule changes in nationalistic quasi religious terms as breaking a covenant that piece in the globe prompted me to write this blog post i strongly support the proposed convergence of rules the cfl commissioner is doing the right think harmonization reduces transaction costs for broadcasters equipment suppliers analytics firms think of moneyball but in age of ai and sponsors who operate across the canada united states market players benefit from fewer adjustment frictions when moving between leagues or training environments on a broader level harmonization deepens the interconnection between canadian and united states football economies in such areas as media rights merchandising talent mobility and joint ventures in youth development and it thereby enhances bilateral returns from cross border synergies these are exactly the sorts of effects one expects when regulatory regimes become more compatible the economists gravity model of trade helps explain why this logic travels beyond sport the model holds that trade between two economies rises with their economic size and falls with distance where distance includes not only geography but also regulatory difference canada trades far more with the united states than with distant partners because the united states is both very large and very close in every relevant sense including legal and regulatory familiarity a contemporary illustration of why gravity models matter in thinking about regulation is the united kingdom s experience after brexit the brexiteers wanted uk rules to diverge from european ones because divergence felt good at least for them however they should have looked at a map before deciding whether regulatory divergence from europe is the right policy fact is the uk is in europe even small increases in regulatory distance from the european union created non tariff barriers compliance costs and uncertainty that weighed on trade despite the minimal geographic distance the lesson is straightforward when regulatory distance grows exchange tends to fall even where countries sit side by side the uk should almost always harmonize regulations with the eu unless there is a really compelling reason for divergence similarly canada should almost always harmonize regulations with the us unless there is a really compelling reason for divergence history offers a practical reminder of what happens when standards diverge from infrastructure during the cfl s united states expansion in the mid 1990s several american venues struggled to accommodate a full canadian field in memphis for example attempts to fit the larger geometry into the liberty bowl produced irregular truncated end zones that were reported to be as shallow as seven to nine yards at certain points an awkward solution that undercut the on field spectacle i distinctly recall that being discussed at the time although until today i had forgotten about the problems involved in squeezing a cfl playing field into a us stadium lack of rule harmonization was not the main reason cfl expansion into the us failed but it was a factor none of this is an argument for indiscriminate alignment in every last area of life there remain moral cultural and constitutional domains where distinct canadian standards are appropriate just as there is ...