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description=The names of the pharaohs and their origin, with detailed hieroglyphs of their titles.;
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Text of the page (random words):
pharaoh se pharaoh se pharaohs pharaohs tutankhamun ramesses ii khufu narmer cleopatra thutmose iii amenhotep iii hatshepsut dynasties predynastic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 argead ptolemaic kingdom roman pharaohs abydos unplaced kings periods predynastic early dynastic old kingdom first intermediate period middle kingdom second intermediate period new kingdom third intermediate period late period roman kinglists king lists abydos seti i karnak thutmose iii saqqara ramesses ii medinet habu ramesses iii ramesseum ramesses ii compare the king lists minor king lists turin king list overview structure of the papyrus history of the papyrus the columns the fragments the recto the vorlage image gallery library of pdfs manethonian history manetho s aegyptiaca julius africanus eusebius of caesarea josephus jerome of stridon syncellus eratosthenes diodorus comparing the lists library library egyptology cartography hieroglyphs hieratic chronology the battle of kadesh scribes places and objects rosetta stone obelisks pyramids temples monuments papyrus references bibliography important book series titles epithets catalogue general info about the website latest updates bibliography aa aa home pharaoh se pharaohs egyptian king lists turin king list manetho library of articles dynasties hieroglyphs language temples monuments the king lists of antiquity the historical reconstruction of the timeline of ancient egypt relies on a blend of native records classical accounts and early christian chronicles while monumental inscriptions such as the abydos king list and the turin papyrus offer direct archaeological evidence the primary source of the modern historical framework is manetho an egyptian priest from the 3rd century bc in his work aegyptiaca history of egypt or literally egyptian things he combined material from the sacred temple archives with popular traditions legends and narratives to organise the pharaohs into the dynasties that are still used today the transcriptions of the pharaohs names preserved by manetho were so influential that they constituted the initial point of reference for jean françois champollion s 19th century decipherment of the hieroglyphs the cartouches of the pharaohs would turn out to be the ultimate key to unlocking the secret of the hieroglyphs the voyage of these records through the millennia was a treacherous one fraught with pitfalls and historical gaps the lost original papyri from authors like manetho we are forced to rely on a long series of transcriptions that functioned as a slow historical distortion as the records were copied and recopied across centuries the original data was filtered through shifting languages cultural biases and scribal errors by the time these lists reached the modern era they had become a fragmented echo of the originals the authentic egyptian names often muffled or reshaped by the many hands they had passed through errors and corruption in subsequent copies is inevitable these errors range from simple scribal misunderstandings and phonetic blurring to more deliberate alterations and omissions in many cases driven by political agendas or the desire to harmonise egyptian timelines with their own religious worldviews historians actively reshaped the data this has left modern scholars with the complex task of peeling back layers of editorial bias to find the authentic history beneath however these records often underwent significant transformation the bible mentions only four minor pharaohs of the late period by name such as shishak and necho generally referring to others simply as pharaoh early greek historians also struggled to approximate egyptian phonetics into their own alphabet resulting in names that were often phonetically distorted because manetho s original text is lost we rely on quotations preserved by christian historians like julius africanus and eusebius of caesarea these scholars were motivated by sacred chronology attempting to synchronize egyptian history with the bible corruption of data over centuries of manual copying manetho s lists suffered from corruptions omissions spelling errors and deliberate alterations to fit theological narratives in antiquity greek historians who visited egypt encountered the names of kings from that country which were unknown to them they attempted to approximate these names into greek but the resulting transcriptions were not entirely accurate as might be expected an egyptian priest who flourished in the first half of the third century bc is the principal source for the chronology of ancient egypt he composed aegyptiaca the history of egypt by combining material from the sacred temple archives with popular traditions legends and narratives the majority of the names currently in use for pharaohs originate from manetho or more specifically from quotations preserved by historians writing several centuries later manetho s dynasties established the fundamental chronology of ancient egypt the second half of the nineteenth century saw the advent of the new science of egyptology and the gradual revelation of the original names of the pharaohs chronology of the king lists karnak king list c 1450 bc this was originally created during the reign of thutmose iii for honouring celebrated ancestors and was located in the south west corner of the akh menu hall at the great temple at karnak on display at the louvre in paris abydos king list of seti i c 1280 bc a list of 76 pharaohs inscribed in the hall of kings in the mortuary temple of seti i at abydos where selected ancestors were honoured still in its original place in egypt turin king list c 1225 bc the most comprehensive ancient list of egyptian pharaohs is found in a poorly preserved hieratic papyrus scroll dating from the reign of ramesses ii this list is undoubtedly the most significant of ancient egypt it is likely that manetho used a list very similar to this one on display at the egyptian museum in turin italy herodotus of halicarnassus c 450 bc the greek historian herodotus visited egypt during the 27th dynasty when egypt was under persian domination his histories is the earliest known work to use the actual royal names rather than the generic term pharaoh as a chronological work however it is of little value for instance he placed kings of the old kingdom after the new kingdom although his work is often unreliable herodotus provides a detailed account of ancient egypt and offers anecdotal insights into the lives of numerous pharaohs some of whom are composites of multiple kings he also references the priests claim that there had been around 330 kings in total manetho of sebennytos c 275 bc the egyptian priest manetho wrote aegyptiaca also known as the history of egypt which covered all the pharaohs up to the time of alexander the great s conquest during the first centuries ce knowledge of how to read hieroglyphs gradually declined and was completely lost by the time western rome fell in 476 thanks to the early historians who transcribed extracts from the aegyptiaca the greek approximations of the original names of the pharaohs were preserved as was the chronology and division of the long line of pharaohs into dynasties this chronology was the most complete available on the pharaohs although it is far from perfect much of it has been corroborated by archaeological findings and the division into dynasties is still in use today plutarch 65 72 ad plutarch is sometimes referenced as having information about manetho and he does in fact refer to him several times in isis and osiris however it is unlikely that his source was aegyptiaca it is more probable that it was another one of manetho s works plutarch travelled to alexandria and egypt to further his education although the date of composition of the essay is unknown it is generally thought to have been written after his visit he makes no mention of a list of kings josephus c 95 ad the roman jewish historian and military leader flavius josephus c 37 100 mentions manetho in antiquities of the jews and against apion the egyptian born manetho who translated egyptian history from the priestly writings josephus does not mention dynastic divisions and only names about 25 rulers most of whom were from the new kingdom africanus c 200 ad julius africanus c 160 240 was an early christian historian he wrote chronographiai a five volume history of the world which covers the period from the creation of adam to his own time the original manuscript has not survived only fragments remain primarily in the form of excerpts preserved by eusebius and syncellus ancient chronicle pseudo manetho c 3rd century ad a forgery claiming to be an ancient egyptian text called the old or ancient chronicle was also circulated it described 30 dynasties over 113 generations spanning 36 525 years see syncellus below jerome c 382 ad an updated latin translation of the second book of eusebius the canons known as the chronicle of jerome was created by christian priest and historian jerome of stridon around 382 jerome updated or extended the timeline from where eusebius left off adding events up to his own time jerome s well received chronicle written in latin made it more accessible to a wider audience in the western world while eusebius greek original became increasingly obscure there are more than a hundred surviving manuscripts of the chronicle the book of sothis pseudo manetho c 4th century ad also called the sothic cycle attributed to manetho but most likely a forgery used composed by panodorus of alexandria the sequence of kings is clearly not presented in chronological order see syncellus below eratosthenes pseudo eratosthenes c 4th century ad a forgery trying to gain credibility by using the famous eratosthenes some of the names listed are found in manetho and herodotus suggesting that there may be a common but corrupted source behind the list but most names bear no resemblance to the names on other king lists manetho c 810 ad selected chronography a chronicle written by the byzantine monk george syncellus is the primary source of our knowledge of the contents of aegyptiaca thanks to syncellus preserved excerpts from africanus and eusebius chronicles as the original manuscript of syncellus has been lost and only later copies remain surviving manuscripts 10th century and onwards none of the original books written by the authors in question above have survived the extant manuscripts date from the 10th century or later representing copies of copies that are themselves separated from the originals by several centuries given the considerable number of generations of texts it is inevitable that the originals will have been contaminated or corrupted to some extent a number of potential errors may be introduced in the course of the copying process the may include the skipping of lines the omission of words or the replication of phrases such errors may be inadvertent but they can give rise to discrepancies between different manuscript copies particularly if the document undergoing transcription itself was already compromised by earlier transcriptions copyists might have trouble comprehending the text they were transcribing if it was written in an unfamiliar language or used archaic expressions there are numerous other ways errors might be introduced hieroglyphs deciphered 1822 24 the discovery of the rosetta stone in 1799 played an instrumental role in the decipherment of the hieroglyphs the hieroglyphs were still unreadable but progress was being made it contains the same text written in three scripts hieroglyphic demotic and greek many scholars worked to solve the puzzle slowly adding clues until jean françois champollion made a breakthrough in 1822 he used the rosetta stone inscriptions and his methodical study of demotic and hieratic from previous years to finally be able to decipher the hieroglyphs the discovery opened the way to the reading of a wide range of texts on monuments and papyri and it can be said that the field of egyptology was born scripts hieroglyphs were too intricate for everyday use so a simpler easier to write script called hieratic was developed alongside the hieroglyphs the pharaohs pharaohs were not just kings but living gods the earthly incarnations of horus and the sons of ra a website mostly about the kings of ancient egypt information provided as is 2011 2026 peter lundström build 2610 de omnibus et machina dubitandum always verify the sources yourself ai often presents hallucinations as absolute facts creative commons attribution 4 0 license privacy policy pharaoh se