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qiskit reference dictionary skip to main content quantumcomputing courses com courses all courses course platforms coursera edx udemy brilliant hardware providers google quantum ai ibm quantum ionq quantinuum amazon braket azure quantum quera rigetti d wave tutorials all tutorials hello world qiskit hello world cirq hello world pennylane hello world braket quantum gates grover s algorithm shor s algorithm reference all frameworks qiskit cirq pennylane amazon braket pyquil tket d wave ocean q explore learn learning paths prerequisites programming guide case studies glossary books quantum news podcasts tools bloch sphere quantum pinball guides algorithm guide hardware guide qubit types framework comparison migration guide language timeline cheat sheets career events 2026 jobs careers certifications salary guide universities interview prep faq troubleshooting about about team search browse courses home reference qiskit framework reference qiskit ibm s open source quantum computing sdk for python python version 1 x 7 sections quick reference for qiskit classes functions and patterns covers circuit construction simulation gates measurement and running on ibm quantum hardware in this guide 7 sections 01 background and history 02 installation 03 key imports 04 core classes 05 common patterns 06 circuit visualisation 07 qiskit vs alternatives at a glance language python version 1 x install pip install qiskit qiskit aer qiskit ibm runtime copy docs docs quantum ibm com source qiskit qiskit background and history qiskit was created by ibm research and first released as open source software in march 2017 making it one of the earliest full featured quantum computing sdks available to the public the name qiskit is a portmanteau of quantum information science kit ibm s motivation was to provide a python based programming layer for its cloud accessible quantum processors which had become available through the ibm quantum experience now ibm quantum platform in may 2016 jay gambetta ali javadi abhari and a team at ibm s thomas j watson research center led the initial development qiskit was originally organized into four pillars terra core circuits and transpilation aer simulation ignis error mitigation and aqua algorithms over time this structure was simplified ignis was deprecated in 2021 and aqua was retired in 2022 with its functionality migrated to standalone application libraries qiskit nature qiskit optimization qiskit machine learning qiskit finance in september 2023 qiskit reached version 0 45 and then ibm released qiskit 1 0 in february 2024 marking a major api stabilization milestone the 1 0 release consolidated the sdk into a single core package with a cleaner interface and committed to semantic versioning going forward qiskit is the most widely adopted quantum programming framework by number of users and community contributions as of 2025 the github repository has accumulated over 13 000 stars and contributions from hundreds of developers worldwide ibm uses qiskit as the primary interface to its fleet of superconducting quantum processors including the 1 121 qubit condor chip and the utility scale heron processors the qiskit runtime service provides optimized primitives sampler and estimator for running workloads on ibm hardware with built in error mitigation qiskit also serves as a common compilation target for other tools including pytket superstaq and pennylane through their respective qiskit plugins installation pip install qiskit qiskit aer qiskit ibm runtime for visualization support pip install qiskit visualization matplotlib pylatexenc key imports from qiskit import quantumcircuit transpile from qiskit_aer import aersimulator from qiskit_ibm_runtime import qiskitruntimeservice samplerv2 core classes quantumcircuit the central object in qiskit defines the sequence of quantum operations to apply qc quantumcircuit 2 2 2 qubits 2 classical bits qc quantumcircuit 3 3 qubits no measurement bits key methods method description qc h qubit hadamard gate puts qubit in superposition qc x qubit pauli x not gate qc y qubit pauli y gate qc z qubit pauli z gate qc cx control target cnot gate qc ccx c1 c2 target toffoli ccnot gate qc swap q1 q2 swap gate qc s qubit s gate z qc t qubit t gate fourth root of z qc rx θ qubit rotation around x axis by θ radians qc ry θ qubit rotation around y axis by θ radians qc rz θ qubit rotation around z axis by θ radians qc measure qubit cbit measure qubit into classical bit qc measure_all measure all qubits qc barrier visual logical separator in circuit qc reset qubit reset qubit to qc compose other append another circuit qc inverse return the inverse circuit qc draw print circuit diagram transpile converts a circuit to a form runnable on a given backend maps to native gates optimises depth from qiskit import transpile compiled transpile qc backend compiled transpile qc basis_gates cx u optimization_level 3 optimization_level ranges from 0 none to 3 heavy aersimulator local high performance simulator supports statevector stabilizer density matrix and noise models from qiskit_aer import aersimulator sim aersimulator sim aersimulator method statevector sim aersimulator method stabilizer fast for clifford circuits result sim run transpile qc sim shots 1024 result counts result get_counts statevector result get_statevector if no measurement samplerv2 ibm hardware the primitive for running circuits on real ibm quantum backends from qiskit_ibm_runtime import qiskitruntimeservice samplerv2 service qiskitruntimeservice backend service least_busy operational true simulator false sampler samplerv2 backend job sampler run transpile qc backend result job result counts result 0 data c get_counts statevectorsimulator exact from qiskit quantum_info import statevector sv statevector qc print sv print sv probabilities_dict common patterns bell state qc quantumcircuit 2 2 qc h 0 qc cx 0 1 qc measure 0 1 0 1 parameterised circuit from qiskit circuit import parameter theta parameter θ qc quantumcircuit 1 qc ry theta 0 bound qc assign_parameters theta 1 57 noise model from qiskit_aer noise import noisemodel depolarizing_error noise noisemodel error depolarizing_error 0 01 1 noise add_all_qubit_quantum_error error h x sim aersimulator noise_model noise circuit visualisation qc draw text ascii qc draw mpl matplotlib figure qc draw latex latex print qc shorthand for text qiskit vs alternatives qiskit s main strength is the size of its ecosystem and its direct line to ibm hardware the transpiler is mature qiskit runtime bundles error mitigation into the sampler and estimator primitives and application libraries qiskit nature qiskit optimization cover common problem domains out of the box if you specifically need to run on ibm s superconducting processors or want the largest base of tutorials and community answers to draw on qiskit is the default choice if your work is centered on differentiable circuits for quantum machine learning pennylane has a more natural gradient first api if you are targeting google s hardware cirq gives you direct access to the native gate set qiskit can still reach those backends through third party plugins but the experience is smoother in the vendor s own framework qiskit tutorials this page is the syntax these are the 61 tutorials where you run it hybrid quantum classical optimization a deep dive into vqe advanced 20 min read qiskit basics quantum gates circuits and measurements beginner 30 min read qiskit runtime sessions and primitives a production guide intermediate 45 minutes dynamic quantum circuits mid circuit measurement and classical feedforward in qiskit intermediate 17 min read all 61 qiskit tutorials other python frameworks amazon braket aws s fully managed quantum computing service and python sdk amazon braket sdk unified sdk for quantum computing on amazon braket bloqade quera s framework for neutral atom quantum computing and analog hamiltonian simulation cirq google s python framework for quantum circuits and algorithms where to go next the reference index puts qiskit next to the other 25 frameworks documented here and the comparison page runs the same circuit through each of the major sdks reference index compare frameworks on this page 01 background and history 02 installation 03 key imports 04 core classes 05 common patterns 06 circuit visualisation 07 qiskit vs alternatives read next all 26 framework dictionaries the full index filterable by language the same circuit in every framework side by side syntax across the major sdks framework tutorials step by step hello world guides for every major quantum sdk get one quantum email a week new tutorials courses worth taking and what changed in qiskit cirq pennylane this week no spam unsubscribe anytime email address subscribe 112 courses 220 tutorials 241 glossary terms 26 framework references 34 case studies quantumcomputing courses com free tutorials curated courses framework references and tools for anyone learning quantum computing written and maintained by dr donovan who writes on quantum computing research hardware and industry at quantum zeitgeist learn all courses free tutorials learning paths compare frameworks algorithm guide case studies quantum news reference glossary framework docs hardware guide qubit types history timeline cheatsheets bloch sphere quantum programming careers careers guide salary guide certifications interview questions jobs team training post a job talent pool about about this site editorial policy team faq events 2026 podcasts books contact as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases 2026 hadamard llc quantumcomputingcourses com affiliate disclosure privacy terms cookies we use cookies to improve your experience and track affiliate performance see our cookie policy decline accept