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Text of the page (random words):
e of c99 the format is not uniquely defined although it would be possible to make the leading h always zero or one this is not always done most systems will suppress trailing zeros but a few do not on a well written platform for normal numbers there will be a leading one before the decimal point plus by default 13 hexadecimal digits hence 53 bits the treatment of denormalized aka subnormal numbers is very platform dependent s character string character na s are converted to na literal none of the extra formatting characters given below are permitted in this case conversion by as character is used for non character arguments with s and by as double for non double arguments with f e e g g nb the length is determined before conversion so do not rely on the internal coercion if this would change the length the coercion is done only once so if length fmt 1 then all elements must expect the same types of arguments in addition between the initial and the terminating conversion character there may be in any order m n two numbers separated by a period denoting the field width m and the precision n left adjustment of converted argument in its field always print number with sign by default only negative numbers are printed with a sign a space prefix a space if the first character is not a sign 0 for numbers pad to the field width with leading zeros for characters this zero pads on some platforms and is ignored on others specifies alternate output for numbers its action depending on the type for x or x 0x or 0x will be prefixed to a non zero result for e e f g and g the output will always have a decimal point for g and g trailing zeros will not be removed further immediately after may come 1 to 99 to refer to a numbered argument this allows arguments to be referenced out of order and is mainly intended for translators of error messages if this is done it is best if all formats are numbered if not the unnumbered ones process the arguments in order see the examples this notation allows arguments to be used more than once in which case they must be used as the same type integer double or character a field width or precision but not both may be indicated by an asterisk in this case an argument specifies the desired number a negative field width is taken as a flag followed by a positive field width a negative precision is treated as if the precision were omitted the argument should be integer but a double argument will be coerced to integer there is a limit of 8192 bytes on elements of fmt and on strings included from a single letter conversion specification field widths and precisions of s conversions are interpreted as bytes not characters as described in the c standard the c doubles used for r numerical vectors have signed zeros which sprintf may output as 0 0 000 value a character vector of length that of the longest input if any element of fmt or any character argument is declared as utf 8 the element of the result will be in utf 8 and have the encoding declared as utf 8 otherwise it will be in the current locale s encoding warning the format string is passed down the os s sprintf function and incorrect formats can cause the latter to crash the r process r does perform sanity checks on the format but not all possible user errors on all platforms have been tested and some might be terminal the behaviour on inputs not documented here is undefined which means it is allowed to differ by platform author s original code by jonathan rougier references kernighan b w and ritchie d m 1988 the c programming language second edition prentice hall describes the format options in table b 1 in the appendix the c standards especially iso iec 9899 1999 for c99 links can be found at https developer r project org portability html https pubs opengroup org onlinepubs 9699919799 functions snprintf html for posix extensions such as numbered arguments man sprintf on a unix alike system see also formatc for a way of formatting vectors of numbers in a similar fashion paste for another way of creating a vector combining text and values gettext for the mechanisms for the automated translation of text examples be careful with the format most things in r are floats only integer valued reals get coerced to integer sprintf s is f feet tall n sven 7 1 ok try sprintf s is i feet tall n sven 7 1 not ok sprintf s is i feet tall n sven 7 ok use a literal sprintf 0f said yes out of a sample of size 0f 66 666 3 various formats of pi sprintf f pi sprintf 3f pi sprintf 1 0f pi sprintf 5 1f pi sprintf 05 1f pi sprintf f pi sprintf f pi sprintf 10f pi left justified sprintf e pi sprintf e pi sprintf g pi sprintf g 1e6 pi exponential sprintf 9g 1e6 pi fixed sprintf g 1e 6 pi no truncation sprintf 1 f 101 re use one argument three times show difference between x and x xx sprintf 1 d 1 x 1 x 0 15 xx matrix xx dimnames list rep 16 d x x noquote format xx justify right more sophisticated sprintf min 10 char string 10s c a abc and an even longer one platform dependent bad example from qdaptools 1 0 0 may pad with spaces or zeroes sprintf 09s month name n 1 18 sprintf paste0 e with 2d digits n g n exp 1 using arguments out of order sprintf second 2 1 0f first 1 5 2f third 3 1 0f pi 2 3 using asterisk for width or precision sprintf precision f width 3f 3 pi 8 pi asterisk and argument re use e example reiterated sprintf e with 1 2d digits 2 1 g n exp 1 re cycle arguments sprintf s d test 1 3 binary output showing rounding representation errors x seq 0 1 0 0 1 y c 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 cbind x sprintf a x sprintf a y base abbreviate abbreviate strings agrep approximate string matching fuzzy matching all are all values true all equal test if two objects are nearly equal allnames find all names in an expression any are some values true aperm array transposition append vector merging apply apply functions over array margins args argument list of a function arithmetic arithmetic operators array multi way arrays as data frame coerce to a data frame as date date conversion functions to and from character as environment coerce to an environment object as function convert object to function asis inhibit interpretation conversion of objects asplit split array matrix by its margins as posixlt date time conversion functions assign assign a value to a name assignops assignment operators attach attach set of r objects to search path attr object attributes attributes object attribute lists autoload on demand loading of packages backsolve solve an upper or lower triangular system base defunct defunct functions in package base base deprecated deprecated functions in package base base internal internal objects in package base basename manipulate file paths base package the r base package bessel bessel functions bincode bin a numeric vector bindenv binding and environment locking active bindings bitwise bitwise logical operations body access to and manipulation of the body of a function bquote partial substitution in expressions browser environment browser browsertext functions to retrieve values supplied by calls to the browser builtins returns the names of all built in objects by apply a function to a data frame split by factors c combine values into a vector or list call function calls callcc call with current continuation callexternal modern interfaces to c c code capabilities report capabilities of this build of r cat concatenate and print cbind combine r objects by rows or columns character character vectors char expand expand a string with respect to a target table charmatch partial string matching chartr character translation and casefolding chkdots warn about extraneous arguments in the of its caller chol the choleski decomposition chol2inv inverse from choleski or qr decomposition class object classes col column indexes colnames row and column names colon colon operator colsums form row and column sums and means commandargs extract command line arguments comment query or set a comment attribute comparison relational operators complex complex numbers and basic functionality conditions condition handling and recovery conflicts search for masked objects on the search path connections functions to manipulate connections files urls constants built in constants contributors r project contributors control control flow copyright copyrights of files used to build r crossprod matrix crossproduct cstack_info report information on c stack size and usage cumsum cumulative sums products and extremes curlgetheaders retrieve headers from urls cut convert numeric to factor cut posixt convert a date or date time object to a factor data class object classes data frame data frames dataframehelpers data frame auxiliary functions data matrix convert a data frame to a numeric matrix date system date and time dates date class datetimeclasses date time classes dcf read and write data in dcf format debug debug a function defunct marking objects as defunct delayedassign delay evaluation deparse expression deparsing deparseopts options for expression deparsing deprecated marking objects as deprecated det calculate the determinant of a matrix detach detach objects from the search path dev lists of open active graphics devices diag matrix diagonals diff lagged differences difftime time intervals differences dim dimensions of an object dimnames dimnames of an object do call execute a function call dontcheck identity function to suppress checking dots 1 etc used in functions double double precision vectors dput write an object to a file or recreate it drop drop redundant extent information droplevels drop unused levels from factors dump text representations of r objects duplicated determine duplicate elements dynload foreign function interface eapply apply a function over values in an environment eigen spectral decomposition of a matrix encodestring encode character vector as for printing encoding read or set the declared encodings for a character vector environment environment access envvar environment variables eval evaluate an unevaluated expression exists is an object defined expand grid create a data frame from all combinations of factor variables expression unevaluated expressions extract extract or replace parts of an object extract data frame extract or replace parts of a data frame extract factor extract or replace parts of a factor extremes maxima and minima extsoftversion report versions of third party software factor factors file access ascertain file accessibility file choose choose a file interactively file info extract file information file path construct path to file files file manipulation files2 manipulation of directories and file permissions file show display one or more text files findinterval find interval numbers or indices find package find packages force force evaluation of an argument forceandcall call a function with some arguments forced foreign foreign function interface foreign internal internal versions of the foreign function interface formals access to and manipulation of the formal arguments format encode in a common format formatc formatting using c style formats formatdl format description lists format info format information format pval format p values function function definition funprog common higher order functions in functional programming gc garbage collection gc time report time spent in garbage collection gctorture torture garbage collector get return the value of a named object getcallingdll compute dll for native interface call getdllregisteredroutines reflectance information for c fortran routines in a dll getloadeddlls get dlls loaded in current session getnativesymbolinfo obtain a description of one or more native c fortran gettext translate text messages getwd get or set working directory gl generate factor levels grep pattern matching and replacement grepraw pattern matching for raw vectors groupgeneric s3 group generic functions grouping grouping permutation gzcon de compress i o through connections hexmode display numbers in hexadecimal hyperbolic hyperbolic functions iconv convert character vector between encodings icusetcollate setup collation by icu identical test objects for exact equality identity identity function ifelse conditional element selection integer integer vectors interaction compute factor interactions interactive is r running interactively internal call an internal function internalmethods internal generic functions invisible change the print mode to invisible is finite finite infinite and nan numbers is function is an object of type primitive function is language is an object a language object is object is an object internally classed isodatetime date time conversion functions from numeric representations isr are we using r rather than s is recursive is an object atomic or recursive iss4 test for an s4 object is single is an object of single precision type issymmetric test if a matrix or other object is symmetric hermitian is unsorted test if an object is not sorted jitter jitter add noise to numbers kappa compute or estimate the condition number of a matrix kronecker kronecker products on arrays l10n_info localization information labels find labels from object la_library lapack library lapply apply a function over a list or vector last value value of last evaluated expression la_version lapack version lazyload lazy load a database of r objects length length of an object lengths lengths of list or vector elements levels levels attributes libcurlversion report version of libcurl libpaths search paths for packages library loading attaching and listing of packages library dynam loading dlls from packages license the r license terms list lists generic and dotted pairs list2df create data frame from list list2env from a list build or add to an environment list files list the files in a directory folder load reload saved datasets locales query or set aspects of the locale log logarithms and exponentials logic logical operators logical logical vectors longvectors long vectors lower tri lower and upper triangular part of a matrix ls list objects make names make syntactically valid names make unique make character strings unique mapply apply a function to multiple list or vector arguments marginsums compute table margins match value matching match arg argument verification using partial matching match call argument matching match fun extract a function specified by name mathfun miscellaneous mathematical functions matmult matrix multiplication mat or vec create a matrix or a vector matrix matrices maxcol find maximum position in matrix mean arithmetic mean memcompress in memory compression and decompression memlimits query and set heap size limits memory memory available for data storage memory limits memory limits in r memory profile profile the usage of cons cells merge merge two data frames message diagnostic messages missing does a formal argument have a value mode the storage mode of an object na not available missing values name names and symbols ...