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e located in north korea north korean universities and dprk fake it worker operations during our research we identified multiple universities connected to the fake it worker operation the most significant in our assessment were kim chaek university of technology jinung institute of it development at kim il sung university and pyitc which we attribute with medium confidence to the pyongyang information technology center these were often north korean universities in the cases we assessed the activity appeared to involve fake it workers operating from within these institutions rather than students we observed a naming convention of university acronym number with numbering beginning at 001 using this convention we ran a bulk lookup on hudson rock from university acronym 001 to university acronym 999 which provided additional context on activity within these institutions for the building reconstruction geoint analysis we are unsure whether the machine naming convention refers to a base or to a named physical location for this analysis we assumed that it referred to a named location 1 kim chaek university of technology and dprk fake it worker activity figure 5 kim chaek university of technology ryonbong building assessment low confidence with low confidence we reconstructed a small part of kim chaek university of technology using the naming convention found on computers within the assessed cluster these machines were marked internally as units and used tags such as 4 2 205 which could refer to building floor room we see this pattern frequently in stealer logs and assess that these machines are likely not portable across different units only the first digit changed leading us to assess that it may identify the building our goal was to cross reference these identifiers with satellite imagery to determine whether they reveal additional capabilities the methodology is outlined below geoint attributes objective marked internally as building 1 marked by a purple pin a building within the campus of kim chaek university of technology that has minimum 8 floors marked internally as building 2 green area a building within the campus of kim chaek university of technology that has minimum 4 floors marked internally as building 4 green area a building within the campus of kim chaek university of technology that has minimum 2 floors not sure if this is a part of the kut campus blue area and a blue pin buildings that are linked to a university to do this we can count the windows to estimate the number of floors and exclude buildings with fewer than two floors narrowing the possible locations we were unsure whether the area marked in blue formed part of the campus figure 6 kim chaek university of technology kut campus low confidence based on the data observed the most frequently represented fake it worker teams from this university were 41 42 43 kut and several sub teams we understand the hierarchy to be kut department team we found limited information on their network infrastructure but assess that they are probably using the 192 168 142 xxx 24 subnet within this infrastructure we observed connections to the private ip address 192 168 142 122 80 which serves a developer management system http 192 168 142 122 user personal edit profile http 192 168 142 122 daily report http 192 168 142 122 maintenance coming soon title developer management system 2 jinung institute of it development and dprk fake it worker activity the jinung institute of it development appears to be less well documented than the other universities however the kim il sung university website briefly references the institute and its activities as a university unit figure 7 kim il sung university jinung documentation we initially clustered a group of it workers using the naming pattern univjn number one individual stated that he was from jinung and part of a team named jn number the teams identified as jn1 and jn2 appear to consist mainly of developers to identify the exact site we referred to a 38 north article that identified jinung solar panel manufacturing assuming the units are grouped together we examined the area around that facility using 3 4 xx as a reference geoint attributes objective marked internally as building 3 probable area marked in green a building within the campus of kim il sung university close to jinung solar panel manufacturing company that have 4 floors minimum figure 8 jinung institute of it development kim il sung university low confidence one assessed profile used a 10 character password resembling a chinese student id we do not know whether they adopted the same naming convention as chinese universities although it is plausible 3 pyitc and dprk fake it worker infrastructure we are unsure whether pyitc refers to the pyongyang information technology center as the acronym appears only within the it worker teams we assessed however we can say with high confidence that the entity is linked to a north korean university because we observed the same patterns documented in the previous cases the infrastructure we reconstructed makes extensive use of an hfs solution probably rejetto across pyitc teams see annex 2 with student management appearing as a title we observed a pattern in fake it worker usernames consisting of three digits in the format 3 x x this appears more likely to be an organizational or military naming convention than a building identifier and differs from the machine name patterns assessed earlier network assessed analyst note 192 168 147 xxx 24 http 192 168 147 8 app dashboard student management 192 168 127 xxx 24 http 192 168 127 8 app dashboard student management across both networks we observed the same dashboard name on hosts ending in 8 which may reflect an internal convention used by this entity the role of students remains unclear we observed indications that students may participate in the fake it worker operation and this is the first time we have encountered the term student rather than units inside the dprk fake it worker base system by cross referencing sources including stealer logs and the zachxbt leak we developed the following understanding of the base system s structure five known bases have been identified although their locations are not publicly known a base is described as a location where workers can access the internet connectivity is provided in two ways a wired fiber optic connection which is stable but slow or what they call wi fi which is actually a router with a sim card using the cellular network the latter is faster but less stable and can support three to five people at a time a dedicated support team handles requests for new routers and other technical issues workers can move between bases depending on decisions made by the base boss and the individual team member however they are not required to work from these bases some companies and universities in north korea already have internet access figure 9 fake it workers structure high confidence turn threat intelligence into action understanding how cybercrime and state linked activity intersect is critical to staying ahead of emerging threats kudelski security can help you understand the threats facing your organization and turn intelligence into meaningful action contact our team for more information sources and research references hudson rock for the stealer logs fakecalls casino part https research checkpoint com 2023 south korean android banking menace fakecalls emotet part https web archive org web 20221011061425 https www vmware com content dam learn en amer fy23 pdf 1669005_emotet_exposed_a_look_inside_the_cybercriminal_supply_chain pdf https github com pr0xylife emotet blob main e4_emotet_18 03 2022 txt https github com vmware samples tau research blob emotet report 2022 h2 emotet resurrection ioc_c2_config csv jinung institute of it development kim il sung university https www 38north org 2023 03 north koreas energy sector state solar electricity research and manufacturing base https investigation io dprk itw breach password 123456 the translation from korean to english has been made by ai annex annex 1 gambling administration link link context activity during the analysis backoffice honorlink org obdb honorlink org platform that provides casino api and white label casino solutions up zeu 000 com the dprk linked actor had access to the following endpoint customerlist down admin moo gadang com down 185 254 241 135 8081 title 회원 관리 admin online gaming member management title 대시 보드 admin online gaming dashboard logins admin devuser004 down prd sdv2 api slotsdiamond com gambling related website up app b insvr com online gaming and betting application down adminv2 gitslotpark com login admin online gaming down admin loginxcasino com dashboard admin online gaming down annex 2 pyitc network pyitc internal ip shared link 192 168 127 8 http 192 168 127 8 app dashboard student management 192 168 127 27 http 192 168 127 27 8167 bol 5 month daily report and scores_v2 0 2023 5 14 2023 5 xlsx 192 168 127 31 http 192 168 127 31 8167 4rr abbreviations on messaging docx 192 168 127 54 http 192 168 127 54 8167 b91 3 7 27 example xlsx http 192 168 127 54 8167 80n 5 2_v1 0 2023 5 5 2023 5 13 xlsx http 192 168 127 54 8167 9yu reference xlsx 192 168 127 56 http 192 168 127 56 8167 8cf _07resumesample rar 192 168 127 60 http 192 168 127 60 8167 f0l new microsoft excel worksheet xlsx http 192 168 127 60 8167 omq 5 3 2023 5 14 2023 5 21 xlsx http 192 168 127 60 8167 845 5 4 2023 5 23 2023 5 28 xlsx http 192 168 127 60 8167 kb9 may report_v1 0 2023 5 31 xlsx 192 168 127 62 http 192 168 127 62 8167 che daily report form xlsx 192 168 127 66 http 192 168 127 66 8167 cyo new_resume_jhon docx http 192 168 127 66 8167 j4f 2_6_michael 20john png http 192 168 127 66 8167 hcq bids docx http 192 168 127 66 8167 jd9 lingoes rar http 192 168 127 66 8167 euw 2 6 3 png http 192 168 127 66 8167 3t8 2 6 3 png http 192 168 127 66 8167 wo 2 6 3 png http 192 168 127 66 8167 kml screenshot 202023 05 03 20003344 png http 192 168 127 66 8167 8ye screenshot 202023 05 04 20010847 png http 192 168 127 66 8167 kst screenshot 202023 05 05 20001208 png http 192 168 127 66 8167 c7i screenshot 202023 05 06 20001249 png 192 168 127 69 http 192 168 127 69 8167 krc websites xlsx 192 168 127 75 http 192 168 127 75 8167 opd manage upwork accounts rar annex 3 bonus north korean word list found in an autofill translated with ai korean english 3대혁명 three revolutions 간직하자 let us cherish 건설혁명 construction revolution 경제조직 economic organization 계절 season 공산주의 communism 광명한 bright 구상 concept plan 구상과 념원 concept and aspiration 국기 national flag 국내 domestic 국장 national emblem 김치 kimchi 념원 aspiration 농업 agriculture 농촌 countryside 농촌문제 rural issue 농촌발전 rural development 당면한 pressing immediate 당을 the party obj 당의 the party s 동지애 comradeship 련포온실 ryonpho greenhouse 문명발전 cultural development 미풍 fine custom 반일 anti japanese 보도 report news 사랑 love 사상공세 ideological offensive 사상교양 ideological education 사상교양사업 ideological education work 사상사업 ideological work 사회 society 사회주의 socialism 수령관 view of the leader 실력 ability competence 애국가 national anthem 요람 cradle 우월성 superiority 인민군창건 founding of the people s army 일군들 officials cadres 일군들은 officials cadres topic 전쟁 war 조국해방전쟁 fatherland liberation war 조중친선 dprk china friendship 조충친선 dprk china friendship variant 주체의 juche s 초급당비서 primary party secretary 충복 loyal servant 충실성 loyalty fidelity 통일단결 unity and cohesion 필승불패 ever victorious invincible 하자고 let us do 행복의 요람 cradle of happiness 혁명성 revolutionary spirit 혁명승리 revolutionary victory 혁명적 수령관 revolutionary view of the leader 현시기 present period 화성지구 hwasong district 가극 opera 결심 determination 3대혁명소조 three revolutions team 농업생산 agricultural production 당생활총화 party life review 대외사업 external affairs work 련포 ryonpho 반제계급의식 anti imperialist class consciousness 백두산지구 mt paektu district 법무생활 legal life conduct 사회주의교양 socialist education 인민 people 인민들 people pl 초급당 primary party 2026 threat research threat hunting research july 17 2026 dprk fake it workers inside their evolving network infrastructure no items found clifford summary this report is a follow up to our previous research on the internal network of dprk it workers using stealer logs we expand our understanding of these threat actors internal infrastructure much of which appears to be located in north korea this includes newly identified network segments further insight into their organizational structure and new clusters within the previously documented offensive infrastructure this research is based on the passive analysis of publicly available data infrastructure tracking overview figure 1 dprk infrastructure we divided the infrastructure in 3 parts blue target space grey neutral space red adversary space this report is divided into two parts the first examines the public facing infrastructure while the second presents relevant observations on clusters identified within either the offensive ecosystem or the fake it worker operation tracking public facing ip addresses following our previous article on this infrastructure we observed that actors linked to the dprk fake it worker cluster had changed several parts of their infrastructure however the infrastructure associated with skyfreight limited remained unchanged ip initial reverse dns or pivoting point remarks 188 43 33 253 inactive investstroytrest gw transtelecom net changed to sevdirinfr gw transtelecom net and instead of being in khabarovsk this ip is now located in moscow this might indicate a shift in their infrastructure 188 43 33 252 inactive investstroytrest gw transtelecom net changed to sevdirinfr gw transtelecom net and instead of being in khabarovsk this ip is now located in moscow this might indicate a shift in their infrastructure 80 83 238 59 80 83 238 0 24 we observed that they use ips belonging to the vladivostok far east division of mobile telesystems pjsc as an exit node 188 43 235 177 dzhv gw transtelecom net as this is linked to a train company it will not be changed by the dprk itw network team 188 43 136 32 inactive initially located in bodaybo irkutsk and flagged because it matched a dprk fitw time zone found in a stealer log it is now located in khabarovsk this ip might have been reattributed 188 43 136 34 inactive initially located in moscow and flagged because it matched a dprk fitw time zone found in a stealer log it is now located in khabarovsk this ip might have been reattributed 83 234 227 9 83 234 227 10 83 234 227 20 83 234 227 41 83 234 227 51 skyfreight_limited remain unchanged and are used by team 821 39 which may indicate that this unit has a presence in russia considering all known locations and the context gathered before the infrastructure shift we can trace an apparent path from north korea to western russia figure 2 mapping of russian exit nodes used by fake it workers over time we observed that their primary targets appear to be the united states and japan to support their operation...