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description=REST is an acronym for REpresentational State Transfer. It is an architectural style for hypermedia systems and was first presented by Roy Fielding.;

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what is rest rest api tutorial skip to content rest api tutorial menu menu rest json what is rest rest is an acronym for representational state transfer and an architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems roy fielding first presented it in 2000 in his famous dissertation since then it has become one of the most widely used approaches for building web based apis application programming interfaces rest is not a protocol or a written by lokesh gupta last updated april 1 2025 rest is an acronym for re presentational s tate t ransfer and an architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems roy fielding first presented it in 2000 in his famous dissertation since then it has become one of the most widely used approaches for building web based apis application programming interfaces rest is not a protocol or a standard it is an architectural style during the development phase api developers can implement rest in a variety of ways like the other architectural styles rest also has its guiding principles and constraints these principles must be satisfied if a service interface is to be referred to as restful a web api or web service conforming to the rest architectural style is called a rest api or restful api 1 the six guiding principles of rest rest is based on some constraints and principles that promote simplicity scalability and statelessness in the design the six guiding principles or constraints of the restful architecture are 1 1 uniform interface by applying the principle of generality to the components interface we can simplify the overall system architecture and improve the visibility of interactions multiple architectural constraints help in obtaining a uniform interface and guiding the behavior of components the following four constraints can achieve a uniform rest interface identification of resources the interface must uniquely identify each resource involved in the interaction between the client and the server manipulation of resources through representations the resources should have uniform representations in the server response api consumers should use these representations to modify the resource state in the server self descriptive messages each resource representation should carry enough information to describe how to process the message it should also provide information on the additional actions that the client can perform on the resource hypermedia as the engine of application state the client should have only the initial uri of the application the client application should dynamically drive all other resources and interactions with the use of hyperlinks in simpler words rest defines a consistent and uniform interface for interactions between clients and servers for example the http based rest apis make use of the standard http methods get post put delete etc and the uris uniform resource identifiers to identify resources 1 2 client server the client server design pattern enforces the separation of concerns which helps the client and the server components evolve independently by separating the user interface concerns client from the data storage concerns server we improve the portability of the user interface across multiple platforms and improve scalability by simplifying the server components while the client and the server evolve we have to make sure that the interface contract between the client and the server does not break 1 3 stateless statelessness mandates that each request from the client to the server must contain all of the information necessary to understand and complete the request the server cannot take advantage of any previously stored context information on the server for this reason the client application must entirely keep the session state 1 4 cacheable the cacheable constraint requires that a response should implicitly or explicitly label itself as cacheable or non cacheable if the response is cacheable the client application gets the right to reuse the response data later for equivalent requests and a specified period 1 5 layered system the layered system style allows an architecture to be composed of hierarchical layers by constraining component behavior in a layered system each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer they are interacting with a layman s example of a layered system is the mvc pattern the mvc pattern allows for a clear separation of concerns making it easier to develop maintain and scale the application 1 6 code on demand optional rest also allows client functionality to be extended by downloading and executing code in the form of applets or scripts the downloaded code simplifies clients by reducing the number of features required to be pre implemented servers can provide part of the features delivered to the client in the form of code and the client only needs to execute the code 2 what is a resource the key abstraction of information in rest is a resource any information that we can name can be a resource for example a rest resource can be a document or image a temporal service a collection of other resources or a non virtual object e g a person the state of the resource at any particular time is known as the resource representation the resource representations consist of the data the metadata describing the data and the hypermedia links that can help the clients transition to the next desired state a rest api consists of an assembly of interlinked resources this set of resources is known as the rest api s resource model 2 1 resource identifiers rest uses resource identifiers to identify each resource involved in the interactions between the client and the server components 2 2 hypermedia the data format of a representation is known as a media type the media type identifies a specification that defines how a representation is to be processed a restful api looks like hypertext every addressable unit of information carries an address either explicitly e g link and id attributes or implicitly e g derived from the media type definition and representation structure hypertext or hypermedia means the simultaneous presentation of information and controls such that the information becomes the affordance through which the user or automaton obtains choices and selects actions remember that hypertext does not need to be html or xml or json on a browser machines can follow links when they understand the data format and relationship types roy fielding 2 3 self descriptive further resource representations shall be self descriptive the client does not need to know if a resource is an employee or a device it should act based on the media type associated with the resource so in practice we will create lots of custom media types usually one media type associated with one resource every media type defines a default processing model for example html defines a rendering process for hypertext and the browser behavior around each element media types have no relation to the resource methods get put post delete other than the fact that some media type elements will define a process model that goes like anchor elements with an href attribute create a hypertext link that when selected invokes a retrieval request get on the uri corresponding to the cdata encoded href attribute 2 4 example consider the following rest resource that represents a blog post with links to related resources in an http based rest api this has the necessary information about the blog post as well as the hypermedia links to the related resources such as author and comments clients can follow these links to discover additional information or perform actions id 123 title what is rest content rest is an architectural style for building web services published_at 2023 11 04t14 30 00z author id 456 name john doe profile_url https example com authors 456 comments count 5 comments_url https example com posts 123 comments self link https example com posts 123 3 resource methods another important thing associated with rest is resource methods these resource methods are used to perform the desired transition between two states of any resource a large number of people wrongly relate resource methods to http methods i e get put post delete roy fielding has never mentioned any recommendation around which method to use in which condition all he emphasizes is that it should be a uniform interface for example if we decide that the application apis will use http post for updating a resource rather than the more common http put it s all right still the application interface will be restful ideally everything needed to transition the resource state shall be part of the resource representation including all the supported methods and what form they will leave the representation we should enter a rest api with no prior knowledge beyond the initial uri a bookmark and a set of standardized media types appropriate for the intended audience i e expected to be understood by any client that might use the api from that point on all application state transitions must be driven by the client selection of server provided choices present in the received representations or implied by the user s manipulation of those representations the transitions may be determined or limited by the client s knowledge of media types and resource communication mechanisms both of which may be improved on the fly e g code on demand failure here implies that out of band information is driving interaction instead of hypertext 4 rest and http are not the same many people prefer to compare http with rest rest and http are not the same rest http though rest also intends to make the web internet more streamlined and standard roy fielding advocates using rest principles more strictly and that s where people try to start comparing rest with the web roy fielding in his dissertation has not mentioned any implementation direction including any protocol preference or even http as long as we are honoring the six guiding principles of rest we can call our interface restful 5 summary in simple words in the rest architectural style data and functionality are considered resources and are accessed using uniform resource identifiers uris the resources are acted upon by using a set of simple well defined operations also the resources have to be decoupled from their representation so that clients can access the content in various formats such as html xml plain text pdf jpeg json and others the clients and servers exchange representations of resources by using a standardized interface and protocol typically http is the most used protocol but rest does not mandate it metadata about the resource is made available and used to control caching detect transmission errors negotiate the appropriate representation format and perform authentication or access control and most importantly every interaction with the server must be stateless all these principles help restful applications to be simple lightweight and fast happy learning references rest apis must be hypertext driven rest arch style comments subscribe notify of new follow up comments new replies to my comments label name email website label name email website 28 comments most voted newest oldest load more comments learn rest what is rest rest constraints naming rest resources guides caching compression content negotiation hateoas idempotence security essentials versioning statelessness pagination sorting and filtering rate limits best practices tech how to design rest apis design api for long running tasks rest apis with jax rs faqs put vs post n 1 problem q parameter resources what is an api soap vs rest http methods richardson maturity model http response codes 200 ok 201 created 202 accepted 204 no content 301 moved permanently about lokesh gupta a fun loving family man passionate about computers and problem solving with over 15 years of experience in java and related technologies an avid sci fi movie enthusiast and a fan of christopher nolan and quentin tarantino follow on twitter references the dissertation by roy thomas fielding uniform resource identifier uri url urn rfc 3986 internet mediatypes web application description language wadl meta links about contact us privacy policy blogs how to do in java copyright 2023 sitemap insert