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description=Water is the most essential element to life on Earth. Learn about water, the properties of water and find out how the water cycle operates.;

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ally with chlorine and aerated aeration helps to remove certain contaminants like radon in the next section we ll take a closer look at exactly how water circulates in animal and plant cells water survival techniques if your water becomes contaminated and you don t have bottled water you can purify it in a few different ways if it is cloudy first filter it through clean cloths or allow it to settle and then pour off the clear water then you can boil the water for one minute to kill most disease causing organisms you can also add one eighth of a teaspoon of household chlorine bleach per gallon of water or follow directions on the label you should double the amount if the water is discolored or murky stir and let it stand for 30 minutes chlorine bleach tablets are sold at camping supply stores to purify water for drinking you can also use five drops of iodine per gallon to disinfect water store boiled or disinfected water in clean covered containers if the boiled water tastes too flat or the chlorine taste is too strong pour it from one container into another read more advertisement plant and animal water consumption water regulates the temperature of plants and transports nutrients through them martin poole digital vision getty images plants contain even more water than animals do most of them are anywhere from 90 to 95 percent water source bbc just as it does in animals water regulates the temperature of the plant and transports nutrients through it but instead of taking in water by drinking and eating plants get it through dew irrigation and rainfall plants take in water through their roots and green ones use it in photosynthesis which is how they create sugar for food you can learn more about the process of photosynthesis in how the earth works plants also need water to support themselves pressure from the process of osmosis the movement of water from the outside to the inside of the plant s cells keeps up the plant s cell walls advertisement when you water a plant it sucks up the water through capillary action then the water travels from the roots through tubes called xylem vessels water reaches the leaves of the plant and escapes through small holes called stomata which open when the plant needs to cool down this process is called transpiration and is similar to how people and some animals sweat carbon dioxide also enters the plant through the stomata processing water is more complicated in animals and people although it s also similar in a lot of ways water that you consume is absorbed in the upper small intestine through osmosis it enters the bloodstream and is transported all over the body unlike plant cells however animal cells do not have cell walls this is why animals have circulatory systems otherwise our cells would absorb water and salt until they swelled our circulatory systems move water around our bodies and remove it as needed through sweating and urination a few animals like a microscopic organism called the tartigrade can go without water for an extraordinary period of time if the tartigrade s environment doesn t have enough water the animal goes into a life without water called anhydrobiosis sugar takes the place of water in its cells making it impervious to extremes in temperature its metabolism lowers and the tartigrade stays at this barely alive state until it has enough water to really live again some plants have also found unique ways to live with little or no water one way is a variation of photosynthesis called crassulacean acid metabolism cam photosynthesis in cam photosynthesis a plant stores carbon dioxide as acid and keeps its stomata closed during the day to save water evaporation happens at a slower rate at night it can even keep its stomata closed at all times if conditions are especially arid cacti use cam photosynthesis to survive the extreme heat and drought of the desert next we ll look at how the hydrologic or water cycle functions advertisement the water cycle water vapor that ends up in clouds eventually condenses into water droplets and precipitates as rain sleet hail or snow pete turner the image bank getty images the water cycle is the continuous movement of water in and around the earth as previously mentioned water never really goes away it just changes form the sun drives the entire water cycle and is responsible for its two major components condensation and evaporation when the sun heats the surface of water it evaporates and ends up in the atmosphere as water vapor it cools and rises becoming clouds which eventually condense into water droplets depending on the temperature of the atmosphere and other conditions the water precipitates as rain sleet hail or snow some of this precipitation is captured by tree canopies and evaporates again into the atmosphere the precipitation that hits the ground becomes runoff which can accumulate and freeze into snow caps or glaciers it can also infiltrate the ground and accumulate eventually storing in aquifers an aquifer is a large deposit of groundwater that can be extracted and used this runoff also comes from snowmelt which occurs when the sun and climate changes melt snow and ice finally some of this runoff makes it way back into lakes and oceans where it is again evaporated by the sun you can learn more about the water cycle in how the earth works advertisement water that falls to the ground and stays in the soil ends up evaporating and retiring to the atmosphere but groundwater which is the major source of our drinking water can accumulate in aquifers over thousands of years unconfined aquifers have the water table or the surface where water pressure equals atmospheric pressure as their upper boundaries confined aquifers often lie below unconfined aquifers and have a layer of rock or other materials as their upper boundaries in the united states the oldest groundwater known as fossil water is contained in the ogallala aquifer lying below about 175 000 square miles 450 000 square kilometers of eight states in the great plains the ogallala aquifer stores about 2 900 million acre feet 3 600 million kilometers cubed of water source high plains ogallala aquifer the ogallala aquifer was formed between 2 and 6 million years ago when the rocky mountain chain was forming because the climate of the great plains is arid water in the aquifer is being used faster than it can be recharged that s why some scientists refer to using fossil water aquifers as water mining groundwater may also exist on other planets images from the mars global surveyor spacecraft show what looked like gullies carved out by rivers of water on the surface of the planet according to nasa the water is probably 300 to 1 300 feet 100 to 400 meters below the surface europa one of jupiter s moons may also have subsurface water as our need for water outweighs the earth s supply scientists wonder if we may one day mine for water on the other planets and moons in our solar system water has a lot of unique and amazing properties that make it so important to life they re why we re constantly looking for better ways to obtain and conserve it in the next section we ll look at these properties and learn more about water itself advertisement water properties a water strider demonstrates surface tension steve maslowski getty images the hydrogen bond between water molecules that we talked about in the first section is the reason behind two of water s unique properties cohesion and adhesion cohesion refers to the fact that water sticks to itself very easily adhesion means that water also sticks very well to other things which is why it spreads out in a thin film on certain surfaces like glass when water comes into contact with these surfaces the adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces instead of sticking together in a ball it spreads out water also has a high level of surface tension this means that the molecules on the surface of the water are not surrounded by similar molecules on all sides so they re being pulled only by cohesion from other molecules deep inside these molecules cohere to each other strongly but adhere to the other medium weakly one example of this is the way that water beads up on waxy surfaces such as leaves or waxed cars surface tension makes these water drops round so they cover the smallest possible surface area advertisement capillary action is also a result of surface tension as we mentioned this happens in plants when they suck up water the water adheres to the inside of the plant s tubes but the surface tension attempts to flatten it out this makes the water rise and cohere to itself again a process that continues until enough water builds up to make gravity begin pulling it back down water s hydrogen bonds are also why its solid form ice can float on its liquid form ice is less dense than water because water molecules form crystalline structures at freezing 32 degrees fahrenheit or 0 degrees celsius temperatures the thermal properties of water are also linked to its hydrogen bonds water has a very high specific heat capacity which is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise its temperature by one degree celsius the energy required to raise the temperature of water by one degree celsius is 4 2 joules per gram water also has a high heat of vaporization which means that it can take a lot of heat without its temperature rising much this plays a huge part in the climate because it means that oceans take a long time to warm up water is often known as the universal solvent which means that many substances dissolve in it substances that dissolve in water are hydrophilic this means that they are as strong or stronger than water s cohesive forces salt and sugar are both polar like water so they dissolve very well in it substances that do not dissolve in water are hydrophobic this is the source of the saying oil and water don t mix water s solvency is why the water that we use is rarely pure it usually has several minerals dissolved in it the presence of these minerals is the difference between hard water and soft water hard water usually contains a lot of calcium and magnesium but may also contain metals soap will not lather well in hard water but hard water isn t usually dangerous it can also cause lime scale deposits in pipes water heaters and toilets some of the latest controversy about water s properties lies in how ice behaves when it melts some scientists claim that it looks about the same as it does when it s solid except that some of its hydrogen bonds are broken others claim that it forms an entirely new structure so for all of its importance we still don t completely understand water for lots more information about water and related topics check out the links on the next page advertisement frequently asked questions how does water s unique chemical structure contribute to its ability to support life water s chemical structure with one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms creates a polar molecule this polarity allows water to dissolve many substances making it a vital medium for transporting nutrients in biological systems and supporting diverse forms of life what role does water play in regulating earth s climate water has a high heat capacity meaning it can absorb a lot of heat before increasing in temperature this property allows oceans to store distribute and regulate global temperatures lots more information related articles how the earth works how the sun works how bottled water works how acid rain works how water slides work how water blasters work how can someone die from drinking too much water why is arctic ice melting 50 years too fast would you pay 55 for bottled water can water go bad more great links epa water usgs water resources of the united states usgs water use in the united states who water facts and trends sources the chemistry of water chemistry tutorial university of arizona january 28 2003 http www biology arizona edu biochemistry tutorials chemistry page3 html cossi olga water wars new discovery books 1993 dehydration why is it so dangerous rehydration project august 6 2007 http rehydrate org dehydration green plants as organisms bbc http www bbc co uk schools gcsebitesize biology greenplantsasorganisms 1watertransportrev1 shtml guidelines for drinking water quality world health organization http www who int entity water_sanitation_health dwq gdwq0506_2 pdf high plains ogallala aquifer http www kgs ku edu highplains hiplain hoversten paul groundwater may be source for erosion in martian gullies nasa december 6 2006 http www nasa gov mission_pages mars images pia09031 html jespergen kathy safe water should always be on tap on tap magazine national drinking water clearinghouse university of west virginia spring 1997 http www nesc wvu edu ndwc histsafewater html mullen leslie extreme animals nasa astrobiology institute http nai arc nasa gov news_stories news_detail cfm article tardigrades cfm ojha ghanashyam buddha boy in nepal goes missing again all headline news march 9 2007 http www allheadlinenews com articles 7006696318 organization for economic cooperation and development http www oecd org statsportal 0 3352 en_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_1 00 html schirber michael the new mystery of water livescience december 1 2004 http www livescience com environment 041201_water_bonds html shultz jim the politics of water in bolivia the nation january 28 2005 http www thenati on com doc 20050214 shultz sutherland ben water shortages foster terrorism bbc march 18 2003 http news bbc co uk 2 hi science nature 2859937 stm swanson peter water the drop of life northwood press january 1 2001 water facts trends world business council for sustainable development world health organization http www wbcsd org docroot f5ui0ftttflcgdiwy0b0 water_facts_and_trends pdf water how much should you drink every day mayo foundation for medical education and research may 23 2006 http www mayoclinic com print water nu00283 method print water sanitation and hygeine links to health world health organization 2004 http www who int water_sanitation_health publications facts2004 en index html water use in the united states united states geological survey http water usgs gov watuse where is earth s water located united states geological survey august 28 2006 http ga water usgs gov edu earthwherewater html cite this please copy paste the following text to properly cite this howstuffworks com article copy shanna freeman how water works 1 january 1970 howstuffworks com https science howstuffworks com environmental earth geophysics h2o htm 19 april 2026 close citation more awesome stuff up next how much water is on earth explore more you may like can we manufacture water out of thin air explore more advertisement advertisement loading n n t t t t return t byline_authors_html e by t byline_authors_html t byline_authors_html t byline_date_html e t byline_date_html e t byline_date_html e n t t t t n t t t t n n t t t t t body_html 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