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published in scientific literature is a theoretical interpretation of the data obtained via electron microscopy and mainstream scientists construe it more as an idealized schematic than a true to life representation of a flagellum s actual structure id advocates however happily treat such images as if they are real replicas of the tiny flagella usually providing no disclaimers as to the degree of idealization inherent in such images figure 3 a composite electron micrograph of flagella it has been obtained by a superposition of multiple photographs shot from various angles of a number of flagella from francis n r sosinsky g e thomas d and derosier d j 1994 isolation characterization and structure of bacterial flagellar motors containing the switch complex j mol biol 235 4 1261 1270 in 2004 when dembski debated professor niall shanks at ucla he displayed 8 a different image of a flagellum figure 3 unlike figures 1 and 2 figure 3 is neither an artist s rendition nor a schematic theoretical model it is a real electron microscopic photographically obtained image while produced by scientists such images are often exploited by id advocates who are fond of pointing out their striking similarity to man made machines however such illustrations are misleading picturing the flagellum in a geometrically perfect shape fully symmetric and consisting of geometrically perfectly formed parts the real flagellum is far from having such a perfect geometric shape unlike machines which may be close replicas of each other say all jeeps of the same year have almost exactly the same shape the real flagella first have shapes with many deviations from a perfect geometric symmetry and second there are no two flagella exactly identical individual flagella differ in various respects just as biological organisms vary from individual to individual likewise when i debated behe on february 15 2008 on a larry kane s tv show on the comcast network behe supported his pro id thesis by displaying the same images of a flagellum as shown in figures 1 2 and 3 behe s argument essentially boiled down to the stale asseveration that can be succinctly summarized as follows you see it looks like a man made machine if it looks like a duck then it must be a duck all machines we are familiar with have been designed therefore the flagellum must be a product of intelligent design oddly behe and his id friends seem not to realize that the it must be a duck argument is an obvious non sequitur there are numerous examples of objects whose appearance is deceptive just think of the mimicry so common in nature for example look up the article on mimicry in wikipedia where examples are presented of animals looking like twigs bark leaves or flowers etc thus negating the it must be a duck conclusion figure 4 the structure of the hook a part of a flagellum from samatey f a matsunami h imada k nagashima s shaikh t r thomas d r chen j z derosier d j kitao a namba k structure of the bacterial flagellar hook and implication for the molecular universal joint mechanism nature 2004 oct 28 431 7012 1047 in the online version the image is animated illustrating the flagellar hook s rotation see this webpage reproduced in accordance with the blanket permission granted in the referenced website stipulating that a reference to the above article as well as to proteinexplorer org is provided in fact the images that behe dembski and their id colleagues show are often not pictures of real flagella some of them are just products of an artist s imagination figure 1 others are computer generated images of imaginary machine like contraptions the schematics like that in figure 2 while reflecting many actual features of flagella are products of a modeling approximation which likewise can t pretend to reflect adequately the actual structure of a tiny organelle however some other pictures of flagella may indeed be real photographically obtained images figure 3 are the images in the latter category adequate representations of the flagella structure look again at figure 3 it is at a glance impressive indeed we see here a contraption which is symmetric its structure machine like so it is easy to understand the satisfaction of dembski and behe at the sight of this contraption so neatly fitting in with their design hypothesis there are however two important details that must be noted the first detail is that the image in figure 3 is a composite photo it is the result of a superposition of many photos of several flagella made from various angles this way the image in question is eliminating from view various imperfections which unlike in man made machinery are inherent in every natural flagellum moreover the procedure of superposition of a number of photos eliminates from view the inevitable individual differences between various flagella which radically distinguish flagella from designed machinery the second detail is that the resolution of this picture is insufficient to see the flagellum s intrinsic structure to appreciate the significance of this recall by analogy the face on mars or lowell s nonexisting martian canals when the resolution is insufficient we see nonexisting structures which on closer inspection look dissolve into natural patterns this is equally true for the images of very small objects perused under insufficient magnification and or resolution the images of flagella obtained at higher resolution and assisted by other modern sophisticated methods of investigation reveal the actual configuration of flagella demonstrating that the seeming machine like appearance of the flagella in figure 3 is deceptive figure 5 the structure of the flagellar filament side views showing the inner side left and outer surface right the amino acid sequence of each flagellin subunit is color coded from yonekura k maki yonekura s namba k complete atomic model of the bacterial flagellar filament by electron cryomicroscopy nature 424 643 650 2003 see the online version it should be noted that scientists often use such terms as machine when describing various biological assemblies this usage however unlike in case of id advocates is purely metaphorical reflecting the superficial resemblance of certain biological structures to man made machinery scientists normally do not imply that biological entities are intrinsically similar to man made machinery perhaps such a usage by scientists is not very fortunate given id advocates misuse of the superficial resemblance between the designed man made objects and natural biological entities we have to realize though that scientists by and large are not aware of id advocates misuse of such terminology as only a small minority of scientists pay any attention to id advocates actions let us look at a few selected illustrations of my thesis the detailed images of the flagella structure obtained via cryogenic electron microscopy combined with sophisticated x rays techniques are exemplified in figures 4 5 and 6 these images showing the actual configuration of the flagellum have been selected practically at random from numerous similar images available in the scientific literature instead of tightly fit machine like parts we see in these pictures convoluted garlands of protein molecules these structures look similar to typical bacteriophage viruses 5 and have nothing in common with any man made machine they vividly illustrate that the image shown in figure 3 is deceptive and owes its machine like appearance to the insufficient resolution not to mention the utter artificiality of the artist s renditions of flagella whose variations serve as mascots of id figure 6 partial structure of the flagellar filament s cross section by keiichi namba see this webpage id advocates often point to the allegedly fraudulent icons of evolution utilized by darwinists for their nefarious purposes 9 one such icon are the illustrations of embryos made by the 19th century german biologist ernst haeckel in fact the faults of haeckel s embryological illustrations dated 1874 were revealed not by creationists but rather by the darwinists themselves 10 on the other hand creationists of various hues including id advocates such as dembski and behe incessantly reproduce images of flagella that are often heavily doctored without any disclaimers as to the great degree of idealization inherent in these images indeed look again at the images of flagella s actual molecular structure as shown above in figures 4 5 and 6 and it becomes obvious that real natural flagella are far from looking like man made machines an interesting question arises why id advocates and other creationists who so eagerly and persistently display pictures like those in figures 1 2 and 3 never deign to show much more realistic representations of flagella structure such as those shown in figures 4 5 and 6 if they are unaware of these better pictures perhaps they should try to educate themselves regarding the entirety of the available information about flagella if though they are familiar with the images such as those shown in figures 4 5 and 6 which are freely available both in print and on the internet could it then be that they are less interested in facts and truth and more focused on winning the cultural war by any means we must conclude that the argument in favor of design of biological entities based on their alleged similarity to man made machinery is not supported by evidence acknowledgment my thanks to matt young paul r gross and nicholas matzke for pithy advice references behe michael 1996 darwin s black box new york free press muller hermann j 1918 genetic variability twin hybrids and constant hybrids in a case of balanced lethal factors genetics 3 422 499 cairns smith a graham 1986 seven clues to the origin of life a scientific detective story cambridge university press macdonald john online http udel edu mcdonald mousetrap html last accessed on june 20 2008 luria salvador e stephen j gould and sam singer 1981 a view of life menlo park ca the benjamin cummings publishing co dembski william a 2002 no free lunch why specified complexity cannot be purchased without intelligence lanham md rowman littlefield publishers yonekura k s maki d g morgan d j derosier f vonderviszt k imada and k namba 2000 the bacterial flagellar cap as the rotary promoter of flagellin self assembly science 290 2148 2152 perakh mark 2004 three sh s and one d online at panda s thumb http pandasthumb org archives 2004 06 three shs and o html last accessed on june 20 2008 wells jonathan 2002 icons of evolution science or myth why much of what we teach about evolution is wrong new york regnery nic tamzek nicholas matzke icon of obfuscation in talk reason www talkreason org articles icon cfm last accessed on june 20 2008 share this share on facebook opens in new window facebook share on x opens in new window x email a link to a friend opens in new window email print opens in new window print more share on reddit 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