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ny security measures makes firmware both high risk and challenging to secure moving firmware to rust can yield a major improvement in security we have been deploying rust in firmware for years now and even released tutorials training and code for the wider community we re particularly excited about our collaboration with arm on rusted firmware a first party applications rust is ensuring memory safety from the ground up in several security critical google applications such as nearby presence the protocol for securely and privately discovering local devices over bluetooth is implemented in rust and is currently running in google play services mls the protocol for secure rcs messaging is implemented in rust and will be included in the google messages app in a future release chromium parsers for png json and web fonts have been replaced with memory safe implementations in rust making it easier for chromium engineers to deal with data from the web while following the rule of 2 these examples highlight rust s role in reducing security risks but memory safe languages are only one part of a comprehensive memory safety strategy we continue to employ a defense in depth approach the value of which was clearly demonstrated in a recent near miss our first rust memory safety vulnerability almost we recently avoided shipping our very first rust based memory safety vulnerability a linear buffer overflow in crabbyavif it was a near miss to ensure the patch received high priority and was tracked through release channels we assigned it the identifier cve 2025 48530 while it s great that the vulnerability never made it into a public release the near miss offers valuable lessons the following sections highlight key takeaways from our postmortem scudo hardened allocator for the win a key finding is that android s scudo hardened allocator deterministically rendered this vulnerability non exploitable due to guard pages surrounding secondary allocations while scudo is android s default allocator used on google pixel and many other devices we continue to work with partners to make it mandatory in the meantime we will issue cves of sufficient severity for vulnerabilities that could be prevented by scudo in addition to protecting against overflows scudo s use of guard pages helped identify this issue by changing an overflow from silent memory corruption into a noisy crash however we did discover a gap in our crash reporting it failed to clearly show that the crash was a result of an overflow which slowed down triage and response this has been fixed and we now have a clear signal when overflows occur into scudo guard pages unsafe review and training operating system development requires unsafe code typically c c or unsafe rust for example for ffi and interacting with hardware so simply banning unsafe code is not workable when developers must use unsafe they should understand how to do so soundly and responsibly to that end we are adding a new deep dive on unsafe code to our comprehensive rust training this new module currently in development aims to teach developers how to reason about unsafe rust code soundness and undefined behavior as well as best practices like safety comments and encapsulating unsafe code in safe abstractions better understanding of unsafe rust will lead to even higher quality and more secure code across the open source software ecosystem and within android as we ll discuss in the next section our unsafe rust is already really quite safe it s exciting to consider just how high the bar can go comparing vulnerability densities this near miss inevitably raises the question if rust can have memory safety vulnerabilities then what s the point the point is that the density is drastically lower so much lower that it represents a major shift in security posture based on our near miss we can make a conservative estimate with roughly 5 million lines of rust in the android platform and one potential memory safety vulnerability found and fixed pre release our estimated vulnerability density for rust is 0 2 vuln per 1 million lines mloc our historical data for c and c shows a density of closer to 1 000 memory safety vulnerabilities per mloc our rust code is currently tracking at a density orders of magnitude lower a more than 1000x reduction memory safety rightfully receives significant focus because the vulnerability class is uniquely powerful and historically highly prevalent high vulnerability density undermines otherwise solid security design because these flaws can be chained to bypass defenses including those specifically targeting memory safety exploits significantly lowering vulnerability density does not just reduce the number of bugs it dramatically boosts the effectiveness of our entire security architecture the primary security concern regarding rust generally centers on the approximately 4 of code written within unsafe blocks this subset of rust has fueled significant speculation misconceptions and even theories that unsafe rust might be more buggy than c empirical evidence shows this to be quite wrong our data indicates that even a more conservative assumption that a line of unsafe rust is as likely to have a bug as a line of c or c significantly overestimates the risk of unsafe rust we don t know for sure why this is the case but there are likely several contributing factors unsafe doesn t actually disable all or even most of rust s safety checks a common misconception the practice of encapsulation enables local reasoning about safety invariants the additional scrutiny that unsafe blocks receive final thoughts historically we had to accept a trade off mitigating the risks of memory safety defects required substantial investments in static analysis runtime mitigations sandboxing and reactive patching this approach attempted to move fast and then pick up the pieces afterwards these layered protections were essential but they came at a high cost to performance and developer productivity while still providing insufficient assurance while c and c will persist and both software and hardware safety mechanisms remain critical for layered defense the transition to rust is a different approach where the more secure path is also demonstrably more efficient instead of moving fast and then later fixing the mess we can move faster while fixing things and who knows as our code gets increasingly safe perhaps we can start to reclaim even more of that performance and productivity that we exchanged for security all while also improving security acknowledgments thank you to the following individuals for their contributions to this post ivan lozano for compiling the detailed postmortem on cve 2025 48530 chris ferris for validating the postmortem s findings and improving scudo s crash handling as a result dmytro hrybenko for leading the effort to develop training for unsafe rust and for providing extensive feedback on this post alex rebert and lars bergstrom for their valuable suggestions and extensive feedback on this post peter slatala matthew riley and marshall pierce for providing information on some of the places where rust is being used in google s apps finally a tremendous thank you to the android rust team and the entire android organization for your relentless commitment to engineering excellence and continuous improvement notes the devops research and assessment dora program is published by google cloud posted by jeff vander stoep android last year we wrote about why a memory safety strategy that focuses on vulnerability prevention in new code quickly yields durable and compounding gains this year we look at how this approach isn t just fixing things but helping us move faster the 2025 data continues to validate the approach with memory safety vulnerabilities falling below 20 of total vulnerabilities for the first time updated data for 2025 this data covers first party and third party open source code changes to the android platform across c c java kotlin and rust this post is published a couple of months before the end of 2025 but android s industry standard 90 day patch window means that these results are very likely close to final we can and will accelerate patching when necessary we adopted rust for its security and are seeing a 1000x reduction in memory safety vulnerability density compared to android s c and c code but the biggest surprise was rust s impact on software delivery with rust changes having a 4x lower rollback rate and spending 25 less time in code review the safer path is now also the faster one in this post we dig into the data behind this shift and also cover how we re expanding our reach we re pushing to make secure code the default across our entire software stack we have updates on rust adoption in first party apps the linux kernel and firmware our first rust memory safety vulnerability almost we ll analyze a near miss memory safety bug in unsafe rust how it happened how it was mitigated and steps we re taking to prevent recurrence it s also a good chance to answer the question if rust can have memory safety issues why bother at all building better software faster developing an operating system requires the low level control and predictability of systems programming languages like c c and rust while java and kotlin are important for android platform development their role is complementary to the systems languages rather than interchangeable we introduced rust into android as a direct alternative to c and c offering a similar level of control but without many of their risks we focus this analysis on new and actively developed code because our data shows this to be an effective approach when we look at development in systems languages excluding java and kotlin two trends emerge a steep rise in rust usage and a slower but steady decline in new c net lines of code added rust vs c first party android code this chart focuses on first party google developed code unlike the previous chart that included all first party and third party code in android we only include systems languages c c which is primarily c and rust the chart shows that the volume of new rust code now rivals that of c enabling reliable comparisons of software development process metrics to measure this we use the dora 1 framework a decade long research program that has become the industry standard for evaluating software engineering team performance dora metrics focus on throughput the velocity of delivering software changes stability the quality of those changes cross language comparisons can be challenging we use several techniques to ensure the comparisons are reliable similar sized changes rust and c have similar functionality density though rust is slightly denser this difference favors c but the comparison is still valid we use gerrit s change size definitions similar developer pools we only consider first party changes from android platform developers most are software engineers at google and there is considerable overlap between pools with many contributing in both track trends over time as rust adoption increases are metrics changing steadily accelerating the pace or reverting to the mean throughput code review is a time consuming and high latency part of the development process reworking code is a primary source of these costly delays data shows that rust code requires fewer revisions this trend has been consistent since 2023 rust changes of a similar size need about 20 fewer revisions than their c counterparts in addition rust changes currently spend about 25 less time in code review compared to c we speculate that the significant change in favor of rust between 2023 and 2024 is due to increased rust expertise on the android team while less rework and faster code reviews offer modest productivity gains the most significant improvements are in the stability and quality of the changes stability stable and high quality changes differentiate rust dora uses rollback rate for evaluating change stability rust s rollback rate is very low and continues to decrease even as its adoption in android surpasses c for medium and large changes the rollback rate of rust changes in android is 4x lower than c this low rollback rate doesn t just indicate stability it actively improves overall development throughput rollbacks are highly disruptive to productivity introducing organizational friction and mobilizing resources far beyond the developer who submitted the faulty change rollbacks necessitate rework and more code reviews can also lead to build respins postmortems and blockage of other teams resulting postmortems often introduce new safeguards that add even more development overhead in a self reported survey from 2022 google software engineers reported that rust is both easier to review and more likely to be correct the hard data on rollback rates and review times validates those impressions putting it all together historically security improvements often came at a cost more security meant more process slower performance or delayed features forcing trade offs between security and other product goals the shift to rust is different we are significantly improving security and key development efficiency and product stability metrics expanding our reach with rust support now mature for building android system services and libraries we are focused on bringing its security and productivity advantages elsewhere kernel android s 6 12 linux kernel is our first kernel with rust support enabled and our first production rust driver more exciting projects are underway such as our ongoing collaboration with arm and collabora on a rust based kernel mode gpu driver firmware the combination of high privilege performance constraints and limited applicability of many security measures makes firmware both high risk and challenging to secure moving firmware to rust can yield a major improvement in security we have been deploying rust in firmware for years now and even released tutorials training and code for the wider community we re particularly excited about our collaboration with arm on rusted firmware a first party applications rust is ensuring memory safety from the ground up in several security critical google applications such as nearby presence the protocol for securely and privately discovering local devices over bluetooth is implemented in rust and is currently running in google play services mls the protocol for secure rcs messaging is implemented in rust and will be included in the google messages app in a future release chromium parsers for png json and web fonts have been replaced with memory safe implementations in rust making it easier for chromium engineers to deal with data from the web while following the rule of 2 these examples highlight rust s role in reducing security risks but memory safe languages are only one part of a comprehensive memory safety strategy we continue to employ a defense in depth approach the value of which was clearly demonstrat...